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We defined stillbirth as death of a foetus at \u226528\u00a0weeks of gestation. We report proportions of stillbirth according to timing of maternal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cART<\/jats:styled-content> initiation (before pregnancy, 1st or 2nd trimester, or 3rd trimester or labour). We used logistic regression, with robust standard errors to account for clustering of women within health facilities, to investigate the association between timing of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cART<\/jats:styled-content> initiation and stillbirth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 10\u00a0558 mother\u2013infant pairs abstracted from registers, 8380 (79.4%) met inclusion criteria. The overall rate of stillbirth was 25 per 1000 deliveries (95% confidence interval 22\u201329). We found no significant association between timing of maternal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cART<\/jats:styled-content> initiation and stillbirth. In multivariable models, older maternal age, male sex of the infant, breech vaginal delivery, delivery at\u00a0&lt;\u00a034\u00a0weeks of gestation and experience of any maternal obstetric complication were associated with higher odds of stillbirth. Deliveries managed by a mission hospital or health centre were associated with lower odds of stillbirth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pregnant women's exposure to <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">cART<\/jats:styled-content>, regardless of time of its initiation, was not associated with increased odds of stillbirth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]],"date-time":"2019-03-20T06:03:29Z","timestamp":1553061809000},"page":"727-735","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Timing of combination antiretroviral therapy (<scp>cART<\/scp>) initiation is not associated with stillbirth among <scp>HIV<\/scp>\u2010infected pregnant women in Malawi"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Malango T.","family":"Msukwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Baobab Health Trust Lilongwe Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Keiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Jahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of HIV and AIDS Ministry of Health Lilongwe Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joep J.","family":"van Oosterhout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dignitas International Zomba Malawi"},{"name":"Department of Medicine College of Medicine University of Malawi Blantyre Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Edmonds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nozgechi","family":"Phiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Baobab Health Trust Lilongwe Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Manjomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baobab Health Trust Lilongwe Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mary\u2010Ann","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research University of Cape Town Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janne","family":"Estill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Global Health University of Geneva Geneva Switzerland"},{"name":"Institute of Mathematical Statistics and Actuarial Science University of Bern Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Stillbirths [Internet]. 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