{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T09:42:41Z","timestamp":1769074961472,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Uncertainty persists regarding cholera transmission routes. We conducted a structured review of case\u2013control studies on cholera transmission and provide a qualitative summary of reported exposures in order to inform public health efforts and future cholera research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We searched two electronic databases for published case\u2013control studies that investigated risk factors for cholera and included any publications that did not match our exclusion criteria. From the included studies, we grouped exposures using two parameters, whether transmission domain was public or domestic, and also on the vehicle of transmission. We extracted data on study location, method of case and control inclusion, type of statistical analysis performed and which exposures were included. Additionally, two parallel subgroup analyses were performed. The first included the subgroup of all studies that used culture\u2010confirmed cholera cases, and the second included the subgroup of all studies employing a multivariate analysis. In the second analysis, we calculated the population attributable risk (PAR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our search yielded 2347 peer\u2010reviewed publications, of which 65 did not match our exclusion criteria, comprising 69 individual studies. Water\u2010based exposures were investigated in 97% of these studies, of which 70% found a significant association with cholera infection. Food\u2010based exposures were investigated in 75% of studies, of which 63% found a significant association with risk of cholera infection. Close personal contact with cholera cases was investigated in 30% of studies, of which 52% found a significant association with risk of cholera infection. Hygiene\u2010related exposures were investigated in 51% of studies, of which 63% found a significant association with cholera transmission. Among studies that examined at least one exposure related to the domestic domain, 76% found a significant association with cholera infection vs. 71% of studies investigating at least one public domain exposure. The subgroup analyses produced similar results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Despite strong evidence for cholera transmission via foodborne\u2010, hygiene\u2010, waterborne\u2010 and close personal contact\u2010related pathways in both domestic and public domains, we found that non\u2010waterborne\u2010related factors are understudied. Future cholera case\u2013control studies would benefit from investigating all transmission vehicles and transmission domains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T13:39:01Z","timestamp":1564061941000},"page":"1151-1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Individual and household exposures associated with cholera transmission in case\u2013control studies: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Matthew D.","family":"Phelps","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Copenhagen Center for Disaster Research, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lone","family":"Simonsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Environment Roskilde University Roskilde Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter K. 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