{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T01:53:31Z","timestamp":1775354011282,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573603200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID OPP1191122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID OPP1191122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ID OPP1206422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ID OPP1206422"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>A trial was conducted in Burkina Faso and Mali to investigate whether addition of azithromycin to the antimalarials used for seasonal malaria chemoprevention reduces mortality and hospital admissions of children. We tested the sensitivity of nasal isolates of <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> obtained during this trial to azithromycin and other antibiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Azithromycin or placebo was administered monthly, in combination with the antimalarials used for seasonal malaria chemoprevention, for four months, over the annual malaria transmission seasons of 2014, 2015, and 2016. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 2773 Burkinabe and 2709 Malian children on seven occasions: in July and December each year prior to and after drug administration, and at a final survey in early 2018. Pneumococci were isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs and tested for sensitivity to azithromycin and other antibiotics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 5482 samples were collected. In Burkina Faso, the percentage of pneumococcal isolates resistant to azithromycin among children who had received it increased from 4.9% (95% CI: 2.4%, 9.9%) before the intervention to 25.6% (95% CI: 17.6%, 35.7%) afterward. In Mali, the increase was from 7.6% (95% CI: 3.8%, 14.4%) to 68.5% (95% CI: 55.1%, 79.4%). The percentage of resistant isolates remained elevated (17.7% (95% CI: 11.1%, 27.1%) in Burkina Faso and 19.1% (95% CI: 13.5%, 26.3%) in Mali) among children who had received azithromycin 1\u00a0year after stopping the intervention. An increase in resistance to azithromycin was also observed in children who had received a placebo but it was less marked.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Addition of azithromycin to the antimalarial combination used for seasonal malaria chemoprevention was associated with an increase in resistance of pneumococci to azithromycin and erythromycin, which persisted 1\u00a0year after the last administration of azithromycin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,26]],"date-time":"2019-10-26T16:34:29Z","timestamp":1572107669000},"page":"1442-1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Impact of the addition of azithromycin to antimalarials used for seasonal malaria chemoprevention on antimicrobial resistance of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Soumeya","family":"Hema\u2010Ouangraoua","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre MURAZ Bobo\u2010Dioulasso Burkina Faso"},{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Bobo\u2010Dioulasso Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdoul","family":"Aziz Maiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins du Mali Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Cairns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Issaka","family":"Zongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Bobo\u2010Dioulasso Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikiema","family":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Bobo\u2010Dioulasso Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rakiswend\u00e9","family":"Serge Yerbanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Bobo\u2010Dioulasso Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boubou","family":"Tamboura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins du Mali Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"Badji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre pour le D\u00e9veloppement des Vaccins du Mali Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Gore\u2010Langton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Kuepfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halidou","family":"Tinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Bobo\u2010Dioulasso Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Issaka","family":"Sagara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC) University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alassane","family":"Dicko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC) University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samba O.","family":"Sow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Malaria Research and Training Centre (MRTC) University of Science, Techniques and Technologies of Bamako Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Chandrahoman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Greenwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"London School of Hygiene &amp; Tropical Medicine London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Bosco Ouedraogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Bobo\u2010Dioulasso Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"196","volume-title":"World Malaria Report","author":"WHO","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"357","article-title":"WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Trachoma by 2020: progress report on elimination of trachoma, 2014\u20132016","volume":"92","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199911000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200205000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/341414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e31824155c9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0379"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1266"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715474"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1811400"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000377"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2765-2769.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/24.3.356"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","first-page":"1736","article-title":"The effect of antibiotic selection pressure on the nasopharyngeal macrolide resistome: a cluster\u2010randomized trial","volume":"67","author":"Keenan JD","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655697"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.2.147"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cit137"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0982-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02243-09"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","volume-title":"Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Disk Susceptibility Tests","author":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.133462"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","unstructured":"Global Atlas of Trachoma.2019(Available from:http:\/\/www.trachomaatlas.org\/global-trachoma-atlas). [30 June 2019]."}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftmi.13321","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.13321","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tmi.13321","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.13321","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T05:21:04Z","timestamp":1693804864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.13321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.13321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13321","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-11-13","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}