{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T10:29:57Z","timestamp":1756463397109},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005627","name":"Thrasher Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["12440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Allergies and autoimmune disorders are less prevalent in areas where parasitic infections are abundant. The relationship between schistosomiasis, Chitinase 3\u2010Like 1 protein (YKL\u201040), an inflammatory marker, and antinuclear antibodies (ANA), an allergy marker, was investigated in pre\u2010school\u2010aged children (1\u20135\u00a0years old) living in an area endemic to <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study including 145 participants, 66 females and 79 males. <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection was diagnosed using the urine filtration technique. Levels of YKL\u201040 and antinuclear antibodies concentrations were determined using enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection was 21.4 % (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a031) with 114 not infected, 18 with light and 13 with moderate infections. YKL\u201040 levels were higher in the <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\u2010infected group than in the uninfected group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.038). However<jats:italic>, S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection intensity did not correlate with YKL\u201040 levels. ANA levels were significantly higher in uninfected children than in infected children (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.028). There was a significant inverse relationship between ANA levels and schistosome infection intensity (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> = \u22120.225, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.016). The correlation between ANA levels and YKL\u201040 levels was not significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inflammatory marker in pre\u2010school\u2010aged children living in an area endemic for schistosomiasis indicate YKL\u201040 as a possible biomarker of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection in pre\u2010school\u2010aged children, warranting further investigations in a longitudinal study. \u00a0The study gives an insight into allergy\u00a0as ANA levels were higher in schistosome\u2010uninfected than infected participants, further studies on allergies are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13376","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T07:59:06Z","timestamp":1580198346000},"page":"618-623","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Inflammation during <i>Schistosoma haematobium<\/i> infection and anti\u2010allergy in pre\u2010school\u2010aged children living in a rural endemic area in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Theresa N.","family":"Chimponda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafira","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2923-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Report of a meeting to review the results of studies on the treatment of schistosomiasis in preschool-age children.Geneva Switzerland.2010:13\u201314."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"26","article-title":"Schistosomiasis: A Neglected Tropical Disease of Poverty: A Call for Intersectoral Mitigation Strategies for Better Health","volume":"4","author":"Karunamoorthi K","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Health Research & Reviews."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006636"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2005.07.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)74461-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-279"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9538451"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.501"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-018-1136-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-013-0698-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Serum YKL\u201040 (Chitinase\u20103\u2010Like Protein 1) compared to APRI and FIB\u20104 in predicting liver fibrosis in children with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"40","author":"Mostafa Mohamed S","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Hepat Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00034409"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13661"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12669"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:26:1:35"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04139.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/CRIAI:26:1:15"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12164"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","unstructured":"Weatherspark.Average Weather in Vienne France Year Round \u2010 Weather Spark [Internet]. 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