{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T19:40:11Z","timestamp":1793475611476,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]],"date-time":"2020-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the prevalence of tuberculosis infection and disease in household contacts of patients with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis disease and contacts of non\u2010bacteriologically confirmed disease in western Kenya.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled newly diagnosed index patients and their household contacts from March 2014 to June 2016. All contacts were evaluated with a symptom questionnaire, tuberculin skin test (TST) and HIV test. Clinical evaluation and sputum testing were performed for those with symptoms, positive TST result or HIV infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 1155 contacts of 330 index patients with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis and 192 contacts of 55 index patients with non\u2010bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis. 3.5% of contacts of patients with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis were diagnosed with tuberculosis, whereas no contacts of index patients with non\u2010bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis were. Of those diagnosed with tuberculosis disease, 58.5% reported symptoms, 34.1% reported no symptoms but had positive TST results, and 7.3% had neither symptoms nor positive TST but were HIV\u2010positive. Among 872 contacts with a TST result, 50.9% of contacts of index patients with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis and 41.0% of contacts of index patients with non\u2010bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis had a positive result (prevalence ratio\u00a0=\u00a01.16, 95% confidence interval 0.92\u20131.48).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a high\u2010burden setting, tuberculosis disease was more prevalent among contacts of patients with bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis than contacts of patients with non\u2010bacteriologically confirmed disease. TST was feasible to perform and helped to detect cases that would have been missed had only symptomatic contacts been evaluated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]],"date-time":"2020-03-14T08:50:19Z","timestamp":1584175819000},"page":"695-701","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tuberculosis disease and infection among household contacts of bacteriologically confirmed and non\u2010confirmed tuberculosis patients"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ken","family":"Warria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Nyamthimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Chweya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Agaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Millicent","family":"Achola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute US Army Medical Research Directorate \u2013 Kenya Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Reichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Cowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M.","family":"Heilig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martien W.","family":"Borgdorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin P.","family":"Cain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Kisumu Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Courtney M.","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Global Tuberculosis Report 2019","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"Recommendations for Investigating Contacts of Persons with Infectious Tuberculosis in Low\u2010 and middle\u2010income Countries","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00070812"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209098"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.17.0061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03406-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/591974"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/146532806X120291"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02490-08"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160514"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/pha.15.0069"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Kenya Ministry of Health.Guideline for the Management of Tuberculosis and Leprosy in Kenya. July 2013. (Available from:https:\/\/www.nltp.co.ke\/guidelines) [4 March 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038691"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30497-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-64"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"Kenya Ministry of Health.Revised Scheme for Nursing Personnel 2014. (Available from:http:\/\/www.health.go.ke\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/SCHEME%20OF%20SERVICE%20FOR%20NURSING%20PERSONNEL.PDF) [4 March 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-015-0082-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12904-018-0278-4"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftmi.13392","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.13392","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tmi.13392","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.13392","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,6]],"date-time":"2023-09-06T00:02:41Z","timestamp":1693958561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.13392"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.13392"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13392","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-04-06","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}