{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T21:39:15Z","timestamp":1792100355025,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> morbidity in infected pre\u2010school age children and establish their disease burden.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pre\u2010school age children (1\u20135\u00a0years) who were lifelong residents of the study area and had no other infections were included in the study. Participants underwent a physical examination with clinicians blinded to their infection status. Diagnosis of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> was by urine filtration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> was 35.1% (146\/416). The clinical features observed in patients with <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> were as follows: wheezes (morbidity attributable factor (AF\u00a0=\u00a093.9%), haematuria (AF\u00a0=\u00a092.6%), ascites (AF\u00a0=\u00a091.5%), atopy (AF\u00a0=\u00a076.9%), inguinal lymphadenopathy (AF\u00a0=\u00a068.4%), stunting (AF\u00a0=\u00a038.2), malnutrition (MUAC)(AF\u00a0=\u00a020%) and weight for height scales (AF\u00a0=\u00a05%). <jats:italic>Schistosoma. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infected children were at greater odds ratio of presenting with inguinal lymphadenopathy (AOR)=99.2(95% CI 24.2 to 854.5), wheezes in the chest (AOR\u00a0=\u00a035.4 95% CI 15.3 to 94.2), Distended abdomen with ascites (AOR\u00a0=\u00a023.9 95% CI 11.4 to 54), haematuria (AOR\u00a0=\u00a012.6 95% CI 11.6 to 14.1), atopy history (AOR\u00a0=\u00a05.6 95% CI 1.85 to 20.2), malnutrition (AOR\u00a0=\u00a02.3 95% CI 1.4 to 3.2) and stunting (AOR\u00a0=\u00a01.9 95% CI 1.1 to2.7).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study is novel as it demonstrates for the first time clinical morbidity markers associated with <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection in pre\u2010school age children. Furthermore the study adds scientific evidence to the call for inclusion of pre\u2010school age children in schistosomiasis control programmes. These morbidity markers highlight the need for early diagnosis and screening for <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic> in pre\u2010school age children.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,5]],"date-time":"2020-06-05T18:22:45Z","timestamp":1591381365000},"page":"1110-1121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Clinical morbidity associated with <i>Schistosoma haematobium<\/i> infection in pre\u2010school age children from an endemic district in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1219-6464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tariro L.","family":"Mduluza\u2010Jokonya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics &amp; Imaging Doris Duke Medical Research Institute College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thajasvarie","family":"Naicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics &amp; Imaging Doris Duke Medical Research Institute College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maritha","family":"Kasambala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luxwell","family":"Jokonya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics &amp; Imaging Doris Duke Medical Research Institute College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Vengesai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Optics &amp; Imaging Doris Duke Medical Research Institute College of Health Sciences University of KwaZulu\u2010Natal Durban South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herald","family":"Midzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Choto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimpton","family":"Musonza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simbarashe","family":"Rusankaniko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elopy","family":"Sibanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Twin Palms Medical Centre Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisca","family":"Mutapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Immunology and Infection Research and Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution School of Biological Sciences University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takafira","family":"Mduluza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry University of Zimbabwe Harare Zimbabwe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BruunB Aagaard\u2010HansenJ WattsS.The social context of schistosomiasis and its control An introduction and annotated bibliography. Strategies. 2008;227.","DOI":"10.7560\/717381-016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001432-200410000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Schistosoma haematobium treatment in 1\u20135 year old children : safety and efficacy of the antihelminthic","volume":"5","author":"Mutapi F","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Praziquantel."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil\u2010transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1\u20135 years ) in rural KwaZulu\u2010Natal, South Africa: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"5","author":"Sacolo\u2010gwebu H","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-029749"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)03206-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Dynamics of paediatric urogenital schistosome infection, morbidity and treatment: A longitudinal study among preschool children in Zimbabwe","volume":"3","author":"Osakunor DNM","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Heal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"MurrayCJL VosT LozanoRet al.Disability\u2010adjusted life years ( DALYs ) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions 1990\u20132010 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. 2014;1990\u20132010."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.Schistosomiasis Key facts. World Heal Organ [Internet]. 2018;(April):1\u20135. (Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/schistosomiasis)"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001143"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30490-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"KalindaC ChimbariMJ MukaratirwaS.Schistosomiasis in Zambia\u202f: a systematic review of past and present experiences. 2018;1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0424-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2019.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"1031","article-title":"Genitourinary schistosomiasis: life cycle and radiologic\u2010pathologic findings","volume":"32","author":"Shebel M","year":"2012","journal-title":"Radio Graph"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v6.i1.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X11000459"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/520515"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)92641-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30098-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2009.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90144-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22366"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002131"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis and risk factors of infection in mothers and preschool children in an endemic district in Zimbabwe","volume":"12","author":"Jenipher M","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.93.04081023","article-title":"Pulmonary schistosomiasis resembling acute pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Schaberg T","year":"1991","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"Zimbabwe National Statistic Agency.Provincial report: Mashonaland Central. Zimbabwe Popul Census. 2012."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","unstructured":"University of Glasgow.MB ChB Clinical History and Examination Manual. 2015."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","unstructured":"CarterJ M\u00fcller\u2010St\u00f6verI \u00d6stensenH.Good clinical diagnostic practice A guide for clinicians in developing countries to the clinical diagnosis of disease and to making proper use of clinical diagnostic services. 2005."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","first-page":"1689","article-title":"formal ether concentration technique","volume":"53","author":"Bruno L","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182014000213"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","first-page":"811","article-title":"Lymph node pathology in Zimbabwe: A review of2194 specimens","volume":"86","author":"Sibanda EN","year":"1993","journal-title":"QJM"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761996000400017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07102.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009005708"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(01)00013-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","first-page":"788","article-title":"Case report : Case report","volume":"47","author":"Peleg R","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)10019-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/154743"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000332949"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Malnutrition as an underlying cause of childhood deaths associated with infectious diseases in developing countries","volume":"78","author":"Rice AL","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1111%2Ftmi.13451","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.13451","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tmi.13451","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.13451","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,5]],"date-time":"2023-09-05T16:22:39Z","timestamp":1693930959000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.13451"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.13451"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13451","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-07-09","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}