{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T02:18:18Z","timestamp":1776824298165,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007273","name":"Weill Cornell Medical College","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007273","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about the retinal manifestations of arterial hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in Western Tanzania and how to maximise the utilisation of scarce eye health resources. To address this, we determined the prevalence of hypertensive and diabetic retinopathy (DR), associated risk factors and relevant patient knowledge.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Adults with HTN or DM attending outpatient clinics at Bugando Medical Center (BMC) from June to August 2017 were enrolled. Fundus photographs were obtained, and data were collected on blood pressure (BP), body mass index (BMI), blood sugar, visual acuity (VA) and responses to questions about the effects of HTN and DM on the eye.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 180 persons were screened. When only individuals with DR were considered, bivariate regression found systolic BP was significantly associated with severity of DR (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.034). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis using the maximum Youden index revealed the optimum cut\u2010off using duration of DM to predict any DR was 8\u00a0years (AUC\u00a0=\u00a00.75, 95% CI 0.65\u20130.85). Fewer persons with HTN were aware of the effect of high BP on the eye (61.6%) than persons with DM who were aware of the effect of high blood sugar on the eye (74.4%) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.048).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Efforts should be made to vigorously treat HTN among adults with DM and refer adults with duration of DM of 8\u00a0years or more for a dilated retinal examination. Additional efforts should be made to promote awareness of the sight threatening potential of HTN in resource\u2010limited settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,17]],"date-time":"2020-07-17T21:13:35Z","timestamp":1595020415000},"page":"1214-1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Retinopathy in adults with hypertension and diabetes mellitus in Western Tanzania: a cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1737-006X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richmond","family":"Woodward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Duke University Durham NC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evarista","family":"Mgaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Bugando Medical Center Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Mwanansao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Bugando Medical Center Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4526-2480","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert N.","family":"Peck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine Weill Bugando School of Medicine Mwanza Tanzania"},{"name":"Mwanza Interventions Trial Unit Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department of Healthcare Policy &amp; Research Weill Cornell Medicine New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Weill Cornell Medical College New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2546-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13352"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13187"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJNRD.S196841"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.5.1047"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation.IDF Diabetes Atlas [Internet] 9thedn. Brussels (Belgium);2019. (Available from:http:\/\/www.diabetesatlas.org)."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12652"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164428"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/thrb.v16i2.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"Health education and awareness about diabetic retinopathy among patients attending diabetic clinics in tertiary and regional hospitals in Tanzania","volume":"20","author":"Mafwiri MM","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Ophthalmol Eastern Central Southern Africa"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","volume-title":"Kanski's clinical ophthalmology: A systematic approach","author":"Bowling B","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-4491-12-44"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471722146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e3181ec173d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.317.7160.703"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-05159-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Current concepts in hypertensive retinopathy","volume":"10","author":"Bhargava M","year":"2013","journal-title":"Retinal Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","unstructured":"UNICEF [Internet].Cities and children: the challenge of urbanization in Tanzania;2012. (Available from:https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/infobycountry\/files\/Cities_and_Children_\u2010_FINAL.pdf)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"National Bureau of Statistics and Office of Chief Government Statistician.United Republic of Tanzania Migration and Urbanization Report [Internet];2015. Vol IV. 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