{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T07:08:28Z","timestamp":1788246508432,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We tested the hypothesis that Zika virus (ZIKV) immunity may protect against dengue virus (DENV) infection, disease severity or human amplification, based on analysis of epidemiological data from our long\u2010term surveillance study (2009\u20132016) in the city of Salvador, Brazil, that indicated a substantial reduction in the frequency of laboratory\u2010confirmed dengue cases following the Zika outbreak. To assess whether similar patterns were observed across the Americas, we did a broader explorative investigation of historical series (2004 to 2019) of suspected cases of dengue fever, covering 20 DENV\u2010endemic South and Central American countries.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used segmented linear regressions of single group interrupted time series (ITS) analysis to evaluate whether the Zika epidemic had a statistical effect on the trends of annual dengue incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed in our 16\u2010year historical series that in all countries, the incidence of dengue exhibited periodic oscillations over time, with a general trend of statistically significant increase during the pre\u2010Zika period overall and for 11 of the 20 countries. Following the peak of the first population exposure to ZIKV in the Americas, in 2016, the overall rate of reported dengue cases in 2017 and 2018 in the countries under study sharply dropped (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05) and was the lowest reported since 2005. Individually in each country, a statistically significant reduction in the annual dengue incidence beginning in 2016 or in 2017\u20132018 occurred in 13 of the 20 studied countries. However, in 2019, reports of suspected dengue cases increased across the Americas. In Brazil, Dominican Republic, Guatemala and Honduras, dengue incidence was &gt;5 times higher in 2019 than in 2017 and 2018, and, in 2019, they had the greater dengue incidence than in all previous years throughout the historical series.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The widespread decline in suspected dengue cases recorded in 2017 and 2018 lends further support to our previous epidemiological hypothesis of ZIKV\u2010induced cross\u2010species immunity to DENV. However, the cross\u2010protection appears to be transient (around 2\u00a0years). Long\u2010term, prospective follow\u2010ups of dengue reports are needed to confirm (or refute) these findings, which could have significant public health implications, in particular regarding DENV vaccine development and application.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,15]],"date-time":"2020-11-15T17:19:02Z","timestamp":1605460742000},"page":"272-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Changes in the dynamics of dengue incidence in South and Central America are possibly due to cross\u2010population immunity after Zika virus epidemics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"V\u00e1nio A.","family":"Mugabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Sa\u00fade Coletiva Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador BA Brazil"},{"name":"Universidade Licungo Quelimane Zamb\u00e9zia Mozambique"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lairton S.","family":"Borja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Salvador BA Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiane W.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Salvador BA Brazil"},{"name":"Secretaria Municipal de Sa\u00fade de Salvador Salvador BA Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott C.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitermayer G.","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Salvador BA Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador BA Brazil"},{"name":"Yale School of Public Health New Haven CT USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uriel","family":"Kitron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Salvador BA Brazil"},{"name":"Emory University Atlanta GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guilherme S.","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Gon\u00e7alo Moniz Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Minist\u00e9rio da Sa\u00fade Salvador BA Brazil"},{"name":"Faculdade de Medicina Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador BA Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150192"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2016.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2017.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30496-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01390-17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav6618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005334"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy1083"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","unstructured":"PAHO.Health Information Platform for the Americas (PLISA) [Internet]. 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