{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:34:24Z","timestamp":1777606464385,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To give an overview of the recently reported literature on the aetiologies of meningitis and encephalitis in western sub\u2010Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a scoping review following PRISMA guidance on published meningitis and encephalitis cases in the 16 countries of the United Nations\u2010defined western sub\u2010Saharan African region as identified in cohort studies, case series, and case reports, published 01\/01\/2000\u201308\/01\/2020, and available in four databases in August 2020 with an abstract in English, French or Italian.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There were 38 distinct pathogens identified from 91 cohort studies\u2019 data and 48 case reports or case series\u2019 data. In cohort\u2010level data, the majority of cases were caused by <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic> (71.5%), <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (17.6%) and <jats:italic>Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic> (7.3%). In case report\u2010 and case series\u2010level data, 40.5% of patients were &lt;18\u00a0years old, 28.6% were female, and 28.6% were known to be immunocompromised. The case fatality rate was 39.3%. The most commonly reported pathogens among immunocompetent patients were <jats:italic>Salmonella species<\/jats:italic> (13 cases) and Ebola virus (9 cases), and the most commonly reported pathogen among immunocompromised patients was <jats:italic>Cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic> (18 cases). Most cohort cases (52.3%) derived from Niger followed by Burkina Faso (28.6%). Most cases from single reports or series were reported from Nigeria (21.4%), Mali (20.2%) and Burkina Faso (19.0%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Given the small number of pathogens reported, our findings underscore the need to better screen, diagnose and monitor populations in western sub\u2010Saharan Africa for additional CNS pathogens, including those posing significant outbreak risks.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T11:28:45Z","timestamp":1608377325000},"page":"388-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Encephalitis and meningitis in Western Africa: a scoping review of pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Shawheen J.","family":"Rezaei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Farrah J.","family":"Mateen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30387-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30024-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","unstructured":"EronduN.Lessons learned from the final Ebola outbreak in Guinea.2017. 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[27 Aug 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_1","unstructured":"WHO.WHO publishes list of top emerging diseases likely to cause major epidemics.2020. (Available form:https:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/ebola\u2010treatment\/WHO\u2010list\u2010of\u2010top\u2010emerging\u2010diseases\/en\/). [27 Aug 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30387-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00121-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ593"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.10690.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24649"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_1","unstructured":"WHO.Disease outbreaks.2020. (Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/en\/). [11 Jun 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_1","unstructured":"WHO.Meningococcal meningitis.2020. 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