{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T06:29:31Z","timestamp":1789626571886,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005369","name":"Udenrigsministeriet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005369","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001731","name":"Danida Fellowship Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16\u2010P01\u2010TAN"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16\u2010P01\u2010TAN"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001731","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Studies on phenotypes of diabetes in Africa are inconsistent. We assessed the role of \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction and insulin resistance on pre\u2010diabetes and diabetes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 1890 participants with mean age of 40.6 (SD11.9) years in a cross\u2010sectional study among male and female adults in Tanzania during 2016 to 2017. Data on C\u2010reactive protein (CRP), alpha\u2010acid glycoprotein (AGP), HIV, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), body composition and insulin were collected. Insulinogenic index and HOMA\u2010IR were used to derive an overall marker of \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction and insulin resistance which was categorised as follows: normal \u03b2\u2010cell function and insulin sensitivity, isolated \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction, isolated insulin resistance, and combined \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. Pre\u2010diabetes and diabetes were defined as 2\u2010hour OGTT glucose between 7.8\u201311.0 and\u00a0\u2265\u00a011.1\u00a0mmol\/L, respectively. Multinomial regression assessed the association of \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction and insulin resistance with outcome measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and combined \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction and insulin resistance were associated with higher pre\u2010diabetes risk. Similarly, isolated \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction (adjusted relative risk ratio (aRRR) 4.8 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.5, 9.0), isolated insulin resistance (aRRR 3.2 (95% CI 1.5, 6.9), and combined \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction and insulin resistance (aRRR 35.9 (95% CI 17.2, 75.2) were associated with higher diabetes risk. CRP, AGP and HIV were associated with higher diabetes risk, but fat mass was not. 31%, 10% and 33% of diabetes cases were attributed to \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and combined \u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction and insulin resistance, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction seemed to explain most of diabetes cases compared to insulin resistance in this population. Cohort studies on evolution of diabetes in Africa are needed to confirm these results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13545","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T13:32:21Z","timestamp":1610112741000},"page":"435-443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["\u03b2\u2010cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in relation to pre\u2010diabetes and diabetes among adults in north\u2010western Tanzania: a cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"George","family":"PrayGod","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mwanza Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research Mwanza Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne","family":"Filteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health London School of Hygiene &amp; 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