{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:16:13Z","timestamp":1787793373317,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]],"date-time":"2021-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618444800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Indoor residual spraying (IRS) with insecticides is the main vector control intervention for the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis in India. After a change in IRS policy in 2015 due to widespread resistance of <jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic> to DDT, IRS with DDT was replaced with alpha\u2010cypermethrin IRS in 2016. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the susceptibility of <jats:italic>P.\u00a0argentipes<\/jats:italic> to DDT and its alternatives, namely malathion and pirimiphos\u2010methyl (organophosphates); alpha\u2010cypermethrin, deltamethrin, lambda\u2010cyhalothrin and permethrin (pyrethroids), and bendiocarb and propoxur (carbamates), in support of visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic> sandflies were collected from the visceral\u2010leishmaniasis endemic states of Bihar, Jharkhand and West Bengal. In the WHO tube tests, the phenotypic susceptibility of F1, 2\u2010day old, non\u2010blood fed females were determined against filter papers impregnated with DDT 4%, malathion 5%, pirimiphos\u2010methyl 0.25%, alpha\u2010cypermethrin 0.05%, deltamethrin 0.05%, lambda\u2010cyhalothrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, bendiocarb 0.1% and propoxur 0.1%, which were sourced from Universiti Sains Malaysia. The knockdown of sandflies after 1\u2010h exposure and mortality at 24\u00a0h after the 1\u2010h exposure period were scored.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean mortality of <jats:italic>P.\u00a0argentipes<\/jats:italic> 24\u00a0h after exposure in tube tests was 22.6% for DDT and \u2265 98% for other insecticide\u2010impregnated papers tested.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/jats:italic> continues to be highly resistant to DDT with no reversal of resistance after DDT's withdrawal from IRS. <jats:italic>P.\u00a0argentipes<\/jats:italic> was fully susceptible to pyrethroid, organophosphate and carbamate insecticides tested. Regular monitoring is warranted for insecticide resistance management in sandfly vectors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T08:17:52Z","timestamp":1616055472000},"page":"823-828","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Insecticide susceptibility of <i>Phlebotomus argentipes<\/i> sandflies, vectors of visceral leishmaniasis in India"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1509-9133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diwakar S.","family":"Dinesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Biology and Control ICMR\u2010Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences Patna India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faizan","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Biology and Control ICMR\u2010Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences Patna India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Biology and Control ICMR\u2010Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences Patna India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shreekant","family":"Kesari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Biology and Control ICMR\u2010Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences Patna India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshan K.","family":"Topno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Biology and Control ICMR\u2010Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences Patna India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajpal S.","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases World Health Organization Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"521","article-title":"Surveillance of leishmaniasis in the WHO European Region, 2016 and global leishmaniasis surveillance update, 1998\u20132016","volume":"40","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"473","article-title":"Transmission of Indian kala\u2010azar to man by the bites of Phlebotomus \n                  argentipes, ann and brun. 1942","volume":"123","author":"Swaminath CS","year":"2006","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","volume-title":"Kala\u2010azar situation in India [Internet]","author":"National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","volume-title":"Independent assessment of kala\u2010azar elimination programme India [Internet]","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Regional strategic framework for elimination of kala\u2010azar from the South\u2010East Asia region (2005\u20132015)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Return of Kala\u2010azar","volume":"65","author":"Sen Gupta PC","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. 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