{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T10:52:22Z","timestamp":1768647142654,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,2]],"date-time":"2021-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002222","name":"The World Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["17\u2010555"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17\u2010555"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002222","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Characterisation of resistance phenotype and genotype is crucial to understanding the burden and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aims to determine the spectrum of AMR and associated genes encoding aminoglycoside, macrolide and \u03b2\u2010lactam classes of antimicrobials in bacteria isolated from hospitalised patients in Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>430 bacterial isolates from patients with respiratory, intestinal, wound infections and typhoid fever, presenting to clinical care from 2015 to 2019, were examined. They included <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a085); <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a084); <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> <jats:italic>typhi<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a082); <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a042); <jats:italic>Streptococcus pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a036); coagulase\u2010negative staphylococci (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a028); <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a027); <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a026); and <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a020). Reconfirmation of these clinical isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility tests was performed. PCR amplification using resistance gene\u2010specific primers was done, and the amplified products were confirmed by Sanger sequencing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>53% of isolates were multidrug\u2010resistant (MDR), including 97% of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>. There was a year\u2010wise gradual increase in MDR isolates from 2015 to 2018, and there was an almost twofold increase in the number of MDR strains isolated in 2019 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.00058). Among the 5 extended\u2010spectrum \u03b2\u2010lactamases investigated, <jats:italic>CTX\u2010M\u20101<\/jats:italic> was the most prevalent (63%) followed by <jats:italic>NDM\u20101<\/jats:italic> (22%); <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> was the major reservoir of these genes. The <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic> (55%) and <jats:italic>aac(6\u2032)\u2010Ib<\/jats:italic> (35%) genes were the most frequently detected macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance genes, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>MDR pathogens are highly prevalent in hospital settings of Bangladesh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T19:16:18Z","timestamp":1618082178000},"page":"720-729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Genotypic and phenotypic profiles of antibiotic\u2010resistant bacteria isolated from hospitalised patients in Bangladesh"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Kazi","family":"Sarjana Safain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases Laboratory Institute for Developing Science and Health Initiatives 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