{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:46:08Z","timestamp":1791931568260,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,24]],"date-time":"2021-05-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate and compare the prevalence, reasons, sources and factors associated with self\u2010medication with antibiotics (SMA) within Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis. An electronic search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases was performed for observational studies conducted between January 2005 and February 2020. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts using the PRISMA flowchart and performed quality assessment of eligible studies. Both qualitative and quantitative syntheses were carried out.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty studies from 19 countries were eligible for qualitative synthesis. The prevalence of SMA in Africa ranged from 12.1% to 93.9% with a median prevalence of 55.7% (IQR 41\u201375%). Western Africa was the sub\u2010region with the highest reported prevalence of 70.1% (IQR 48.3\u201382.1%), followed by Northern Africa with 48.1% (IQR 41.1\u201364.3%). We identified 27 antibiotics used for self\u2010medication from 13 different antibiotic classes. Most frequently used antibiotics were penicillins (31 studies), tetracyclines (25 studies) and fluoroquinolones (23 studies). 41% of these antibiotics belong to the WHO Watch Group. The most frequent indications for SMA were upper respiratory tract infections (27 studies), gastrointestinal tract symptoms (25 studies) and febrile illnesses (18 studies). Common sources of antibiotics used for self\u2010medication were community pharmacies (31 studies), family\/friends (20 studies), leftover antibiotics (19 studies) and patent medicine stores (18 studies). The most frequently reported factor associated with SMA was no education\/low educational status (nine studies).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The prevalence of SMA is high in Africa and varies across sub\u2010regions with the highest prevalence reported in Western Africa. Drivers of SMA are complex, comprising of socio\u2010economic factors and insufficient access to health care coupled with poorly implemented policies regulating antibiotic sales.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T02:31:08Z","timestamp":1620095468000},"page":"862-881","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Comparative assessment of the prevalence, practices and factors associated with self\u2010medication with antibiotics in Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Eugene Vernyuy","family":"Yeika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Public Health Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brecht","family":"Ingelbeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ben\u2010Lawrence","family":"Kemah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals North Midlands Stoke\u2010on\u2010Trent UK"},{"name":"Health Education &amp; Research Organization Buea Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frankline Sevidzem","family":"Wirsiy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"M\u00e9decins Sans Fronti\u00e8res Kinshasa Democratic Republic of Congo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph Nkeangu","family":"Fomengia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole de Sant\u00e9 Publique Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles Bruxelles Belgium"},{"name":"Sintieh Research Academy Yaound\u00e9 Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne A. 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