{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T21:18:40Z","timestamp":1792531120462,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630540800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Tetanus is a rare life\u2010threatening condition often complicated by repetitive spasms, dysautonomia and neuromuscular respiratory failure contributing to high fatality rates in its severe form. Benzodiazepines used to treat muscle spasms pose a high risk of respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation, which is unaffordable and inaccessible for many. Magnesium sulfate, a cheap and widely available medication in all urban and rural health centres of LMICs for the treatment of eclampsia, can be used to control muscle spasms and dysautonomia. We thus conducted a systematic review of evidence to assess the safety and efficacy of magnesium sulfate in the treatment of tetanus. Any study published before April 15, 2021, discussing the efficacy and\/or safety of MgSO4 infusion in the treatment of tetanus was systemically reviewed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA). Our systematic review included data from 13\u00a0studies, three were randomised, double\u2010blind and controlled trials. The remaining ten studies were observational; six prospective and four retrospective studies. Our review showed no mortality benefit associated with the use of magnesium sulfate. However, magnesium sulfate was found to be effective in reducing spasms along with diazepam, leading to better control of dysautonomia, reduced need for mechanical ventilation and shorter hospital stay by 3\u20137\u00a0days. The incidence of magnesium toxicity was very low in the studies included.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T11:57:11Z","timestamp":1629201431000},"page":"1200-1209","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Safety and efficacy of Magnesium Sulfate in the management of Tetanus: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Gaurav","family":"Nepal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Shanghai Pudong Hospital Shanghai China"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Maharajgunj Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan Ariel","family":"Coghlan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jayant Kumar","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Maharajgunj Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanjeev","family":"Kharel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Maharajgunj Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yow","family":"Ka Shing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine National University Hospital Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Ojha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine Maharajgunj Kathmandu Nepal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hou Shuang","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Shanghai Pudong Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Bo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Shanghai Pudong Hospital Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tu","family":"Zhi Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Shanghai Pudong Hospital Shanghai 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control of tetanus spasms","volume":"3","author":"Osalusi BS","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci Res Essays"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","first-page":"106","article-title":"Comparison of the efficacy of magnesium sulphate and diazepam in the control of tetanus spasm","volume":"25","author":"Ali G","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Postgrad Med Inst"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00256058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1997.206-az0340.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2002.02698_6.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"132","article-title":"Post traumatic tetanus and role of magnesium sulphate","volume":"21","author":"Sikendar RI","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll 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Bost Spa UK Natl Lend Libr. 1967."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198710000-00022"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471\u20102377\u20105\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8842522"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2011.03.010"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.13667","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tmi.13667","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.13667","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,25]],"date-time":"2023-08-25T12:49:35Z","timestamp":1692967775000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.13667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.13667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13667","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-09-02","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}