{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:34:21Z","timestamp":1790141661665,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the burden and management of filarial lymphoedema and its associated factors in Lindi district, Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cross\u2010sectional study involving 954 community members who were screened for filarial lymphoedema by using a checklist. Moreover, lymphoedema patients were examined for the presence of entry lesions, staging of disease, and interviewed on acute dermatolymphangioadenitis (ADLA) attacks, and their current practices on lymphoedema management. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were performed. A <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of filarial lymphoedema was 7.8%, with the majority in the early stage of lymphoedema (78.4%). The large majority (98.6%) of the patients had lower limb lymphoedema and 46% of lymphoedema patients had entry lesions. More than a half (60.8%) of those lymphoedema patients had experienced ADLA attacks; close to two\u2010thirds (64.8%) had one or two attacks in the past 6\u2009months. Generally, patients had inappropriate hygiene care practices for filarial lymphoedema management. Inappropriate hygiene care practice for lymphoedema management was associated with an increased risk for the development of advance stage of lymphoedema (adjusted odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a07.379, 95%, confidence interval: 3.535\u201316.018, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.04).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Though lymphatic filariasis transmission has drastically declined, chronic manifestations of lymphoedema persist in Lindi district. The recommended disease management practices are deficient, which calls for a programmatic approach for mapping the burden of lymphoedema and implementing its management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,14]],"date-time":"2022-06-14T17:52:01Z","timestamp":1655229121000},"page":"678-685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Prevalence and management of filarial lymphoedema and its associated factors in Lindi district, Tanzania: A community\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Winfrida","family":"John","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vivian","family":"Mushi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donath","family":"Tarimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Upendo","family":"Mwingira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research  Dar es Salaam Tanzania"},{"name":"Research Triangle Institute International  Research Triange Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009373"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00808-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006472"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0169-4758(00)01778-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","volume-title":"Summary global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2013","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trv084"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-015-0068-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004917"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-017-0241-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004424"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.09.36"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","volume-title":"Weekly Epidemiological Record = Relev\u00e9 \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique hebdomadaire","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Evaluation of coverage and compliance to mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis elimination\u2014a qualitative study","volume":"1","author":"Nujum ZT","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acad Med J India"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-3156-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002100"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2011.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-00936-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0286"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2999-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Eliminating LF: a progress report from Tanzania","volume":"4","author":"Malecela MN","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lymphol"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003319"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Community Development Gender Elderly and Children.Neglected Tropical Diseases Control Program. 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