{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:22:05Z","timestamp":1791976925923,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,11]],"date-time":"2022-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1662854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004417","name":"Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004417","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To determine the levels and patterns of resistance to first\u2010 and second\u2010line anti\u2010tuberculosis (TB) drugs among new and previously treated sputum smear positive pulmonary TB (PTB) patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a nationally representative cross\u2010sectional facility\u2010based survey in June 2017\u2013July 2018 involving 45 clusters selected based on probability proportional to size. The survey aimed to determine the prevalence of anti\u2010TB drug resistance and associated risk factors among smear positive PTB patients in Tanzania. Sputum samples were examined using smear microscopy, Xpert MTB\/RIF, culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST). Logistic regression was used to account for missing data and sampling design effects on the estimates and their standard errors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We enrolled 1557 TB patients, including 1408 (90.4%) newly diagnosed and 149 (9.6%) previously treated patients. The prevalence of multidrug\u2010resistant TB (MDR\u2010TB) was 0.85% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.4\u20131.3] among new cases and 4.6% (95% CI: 1.1\u20138.2) among previously treated cases. The prevalence of<jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>strains resistant to any of the four first\u2010line anti\u2010TB drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin and ethambutol) was 1.7% among new TB patients and 6.5% among those previously treated. Drug resistance to all first\u2010line drugs was similar (0.1%) in new and previously treated patients. None of the isolates displayed poly\u2010resistance or extensively drug\u2010resistant TB (XDR\u2010TB). The only risk factor for MDR\u2010TB was history of previous TB treatment (odds ratio\u00a0=\u00a05.7, 95% CI: 1.9\u201317.2).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The burden of MDR\u2010TB in the country was relatively low with no evidence of XDR\u2010TB. Given the overall small number of MDR\u2010TB cases in this survey, it will be beneficial focusing efforts on intensified case detection including universal DST.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T02:49:53Z","timestamp":1660790993000},"page":"891-901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The second national anti\u2010tuberculosis drug resistance survey in Tanzania, 2017\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Beatrice Kemilembe","family":"Mutayoba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Services Ministry of Health National AIDS Control Program Dodoma Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Medical Center of the University of Munich Munich 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University of Munich Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Martin","family":"Kilale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyagosya Segere","family":"Range","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benard James","family":"Ngowi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences University of Dar es Salaam Mbeya Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyanda Elias","family":"Ntinginya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Centre Mbeya Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saidi Mwinjuma","family":"Mfaume","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Muhimbili Medical Research Centre National Institute for Medical Research Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Nkiligi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Department of Preventive Services Ministry of Health Dodoma Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basra","family":"Doulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program Central Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory Dar es Salaam Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnson","family":"Lyimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Tuberculosis and Leprosy Program, Department of Preventive Services Ministry of Health Dodoma 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