{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T01:13:19Z","timestamp":1792026799728,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007224","name":"National Foundation for Science and Technology Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NHMRC.108.03\u20102018.04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NHMRC.108.03\u20102018.04"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007224","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APP1155241"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APP1155241"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Traffic\u2010related air pollution (TRAP) problems are unlikely to be solved in the short term, making it imperative to educate children on protective measures to mitigate the negative impact on their health. Children and their caregivers may hold differing views on wearing a face mask as a safeguard against air pollution. While many studies have focused on predicting children's health\u2010protective behaviours against air pollution, few have explored the differences in perceptions between children and their caregivers.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine this, we conducted a study that compared the health beliefs of two generations and evaluated the factors that influence the use of masks by children to reduce air pollution exposure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study was conducted in 24 secondary schools and involved 8420 children aged 13\u201314 and their caregivers. We used a Health Belief Model (HBM)\u2010based instrument containing 17\u2010item self\u2010administered health beliefs questionnaires to gather data. The results were analysed using hierarchical logistic regression to determine the probability of children frequently wearing masks to protect against TRAP.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study showed both children and caregivers recognised that several factors could influence mask\u2010wearing among children: discomfort or difficulty breathing while wearing a mask and forgetting to bring a mask when going outside; perceived threats of the poor quality of air and children's respiratory health problems; and cues to mask use (i.e., seeing most of their friends wearing facemasks and ease of finding masks in local stores). However, only children were significantly concerned with public perception of their appearance while wearing a mask. Females were more likely to wear masks, and caregivers with higher levels of education were more likely to encourage their children to wear masks. Children who commuted to schools by walking, biking, or motorbiking were also more accepting of mask\u2010wearing than those who travelled by car or bus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Children and their caregivers hold different perceptions of wearing masks to protect against air pollution. Children are more susceptible to social judgements regarding their appearance when wearing a mask.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13923","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T10:30:56Z","timestamp":1692873056000},"page":"753-762","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Wearing masks as a protective measure for children against traffic\u2010related air pollution: A comparison of perceptions between school children and their caregivers in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5852-3942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hong H. T. 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Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter D.","family":"Sly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children's Health and Environment Program Centre for Children's Health Research  Brisbane City Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pham","family":"Le An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for the Training of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"},{"name":"Grant and Innovation Center University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/18106838.0102.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"Traffic\u2010related air pollution: a critical review of the literature on 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