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Point\u2010of\u2010care haemoglobin tests (POC(Hb)Ts) could improve patient outcomes and use of resources by providing rapid and affordable results. We systematically reviewed the literature to investigate what, where and how POC(Hb)Ts are being used by health facilities in LMICs to diagnose childhood anaemia, and to explore challenges to their use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched a total of nine databases and trial registries up to 10 June 2022 using the concepts: anaemia, POC(Hb)T, LMIC and clinical setting. Adults \u226521\u2009years and literature published &gt;15\u2009years ago were excluded. A single reviewer conducted screening, data extraction and quality assessment (of diagnostic studies) using QUADAS\u20102. Outcomes including POC(Hb)T used, location, setting, challenges and diagnostic accuracy were synthesised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 626 records screened, 41 studies were included. Evidence is available on the use of 15 POC(Hb)Ts in hospitals (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200928, 68%), health centres (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099, 22%) and clinics\/units (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200910, 24%) across 16 LMICs. HemoCue (HemoCue AB, \u00c4ngelholm, Sweden) was the most used test (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200931, 76%). Key challenges reported were overestimation of haemoglobin concentration, clinically unacceptable limits of agreement, errors\/difficulty in sampling, environmental factors, cost, inter\u2010observer variability and supply of consumables. Five POC(Hb)Ts (33%) could not detect haemoglobin levels below 4.5\u2009g\/dL. Diagnostic accuracy varied, with sensitivity and specificity to detect anaemia ranging from 24.2% to 92.2% and 70% to 96.7%, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>POC(Hb)Ts have been successfully utilised in health facilities in LMICs to diagnose childhood anaemia. However, limited evidence is available, and challenges exist that must be addressed before wider implementation. Further research is required to confirm accuracy, clinical benefits and cost\u2010effectiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]],"date-time":"2023-12-03T22:22:01Z","timestamp":1701642121000},"page":"73-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Use of point\u2010of\u2010care haemoglobin tests to diagnose childhood anaemia in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8419-2078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Brehm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Trials and Methodology, UCL  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-2001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabelle","family":"South","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (MRC CTU), University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2928-3580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit (MRC CTU), University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-021-01202-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Haemoglobin concentrations for the diagnosis of anaemia and assessment of severity","author":"WHO","year":"2011"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"Severe anemia in Malawian children","volume":"28","author":"Calis JC","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malawi Med J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1101549"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0246-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-055017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12878-017-0091-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3382-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17431"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.13774"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2006.024265"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","article-title":"Field experiences with handheld diagnostic devices to triage children under five presenting with severe febrile illness in a district hospital in DR Congo","volume":"12","author":"Tack B","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_558_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187663"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-020-01008-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2015-203135"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mpg.0000235981.26700.d3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0689"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2956129"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1900105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17429"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","unstructured":"World Bank Country and Lending Groups.2022. 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