{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:57:09Z","timestamp":1792191429945,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm infants often have poor short\u2010 and long\u2010term growth. Kangaroo mother care supports short\u2010term growth, but longer\u2010term outcomes are unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study analysed longitudinally collected routine clinical data from a South African cohort of preterm infants (born &lt;37\u2009weeks gestation) attending the outpatient follow\u2010up clinic of a tertiary\u2010level hospital (Tshwane District, South Africa) for 1 year between 2012 and 2019. At 1 year, small\u2010for\u2010gestational age (SGA) and appropriate\u2010for\u2010gestational age (AGA) infants were compared with regard to age\u2010corrected anthropometric <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010scores (weight\u2010for\u2010age [WAZ], length\u2010for\u2010age [LAZ], weight\u2010for\u2010length [WLZ] and BMI\u2010for\u2010age [BMIZ]) and rates of underweight (WAZ\u2009&lt;\u2009\u22122), stunting (LAZ\u2009&lt;\u2009\u22122), wasting (WLZ\u2009&lt;\u2009\u22122) and overweight (BMIZ&gt;\u2009+\u20092). Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate associations between maternal\/infant characteristics and rates of underweight, stunting, wasting and overweight.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At 1 year, compared with AGA infants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009210), SGA infants (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009111) had lower WAZ (\u22121.26\u2009\u00b1\u20091.32 vs. \u22120.22\u2009\u00b1\u20091.24, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), LAZ (\u22121.50\u2009\u00b1\u20091.11 vs. \u22120.60\u2009\u00b1\u20091.06, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), WLZ (\u22120.66\u2009\u00b1\u20091.31 vs. 0.11\u2009\u00b1\u20091.24, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and BMIZ (\u22120.55\u2009\u00b1\u20091.31 vs. 1.06\u2009\u00b1\u20091.23, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), despite larger WAZ gains from birth (+0.70\u2009\u00b1\u20091.30 vs. +0.05\u2009\u00b1\u20091.30, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). SGA infants had significantly more stunting (34.2% vs. 9.1%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), underweight (31.2% vs. 7.2%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and wasting (12.6% vs. 4.3%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012), with no difference in overweight (4.5% vs. 7.7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.397). In multiple regression analysis, birth weight\u2010for\u2010GA <jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2010score more consistently predicted 1\u2010year malnutrition than SGA.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Preterm\u2010born SGA infants remain more underweight, stunted and wasted than their preterm\u2010born AGA peers at 1 year, despite greater WAZ gains. Interventions for appropriate catch\u2010up growth especially for SGA preterm infants are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T08:30:38Z","timestamp":1707381038000},"page":"292-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["One\u2010year anthropometric follow\u2010up of <scp>South African<\/scp> preterm infants in kangaroo mother care: Which early\u2010life factors predict malnutrition?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3175-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanja","family":"Nel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Fetal, Newborn &amp; Child Health Care Strategies, Kalafong Hospital University of Pretoria Research Centre for Maternal  Atteridgeville South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC) Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Unit Kalafong Hospital  Atteridgeville South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1140-5065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friede","family":"Wenhold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Fetal, Newborn &amp; Child Health Care Strategies, Kalafong Hospital University of Pretoria Research Centre for Maternal  Atteridgeville South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC) Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Unit Kalafong Hospital  Atteridgeville South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8861-4466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanita","family":"Botha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal, Newborn &amp; Child Health Care Strategies, Kalafong Hospital University of Pretoria Research Centre for Maternal  Atteridgeville South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC) Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Unit Kalafong Hospital  Atteridgeville South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Statistics University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6339-1040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ute","family":"Feucht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fetal, Newborn &amp; Child Health Care Strategies, Kalafong Hospital University of Pretoria Research Centre for Maternal  Atteridgeville South Africa"},{"name":"South African Medical Research Council (SA MRC) Maternal and Infant Health Care Strategies Unit Kalafong Hospital  Atteridgeville South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics University of Pretoria  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Gauteng Department of Health Tshwane District Health Services  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00354-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-2115(03)00178-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48055-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3781"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000347094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0946-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22949"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000271911"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2046905514y.0000000136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12297"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-012-9216-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2010.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Kangaroo mother care: a transformative innovation in health care. 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