{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:50:12Z","timestamp":1785163812921,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the status of antimicrobial\u2010resistant strains of <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> in Pakistan, their association in terms of co\u2010occurrence with the biofilm\u2010forming genes, resistance profiling and associated discrepancies in diagnostic methods.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 384 milk samples from bovine was collected by using convenient sampling technique and were initially screened for subclinical mastitis, further preceded by isolation and confirmation of <jats:italic>S. aureus.<\/jats:italic> The <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates were subjected to evaluation of antimicrobial resistance by phenotypic identification using Kirby\u2013Bauer disc diffusion method, while the genotypic estimation was done by polymerase chain reaction to declare isolates as methicillin, beta\u2010lactam, vancomycin, tetracycline, and aminoglycoside resistant <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA, BRSA, VRSA, TRSA, and ARSA), respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study revealed an overall prevalence of subclinical mastitis and <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> to be 59.11% and 46.69%, respectively. On a phenotypic basis, the prevalence of MRSA, BRSA, VRSA, TRSA, and ARSA was found to be 44.33%, 58.49%, 20.75%, 35.84%, and 30.18%, respectively. The results of PCR analysis showed that 46.80% of the tested isolates were declared as MRSA, 37.09% as BRSA, and 36.36% as VRSA, while the occurrence of TRSA and ARSA was observed in 26.31% and 18.75%, respectively. The current study also reported the existence of biofilm\u2010producing genes (<jats:italic>icaA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>icaD<\/jats:italic>) in 49.06% and 40.57% isolates, respectively. Lastly, this study also reported a high incidence of discrepancies for both genotypic and phenotypic identification methods of resistance evaluation, with the highest discrepancy ratio for the <jats:italic>accA\u2010aphD<\/jats:italic> gene, followed by <jats:italic>tetK<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>vanB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>blaZ<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic> genes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study concluded that different antibiotic resistance strains of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> are prevalent in study districts with high potential to transmit between human populations. The study also determined that there are multiple resistance determinants and mechanisms that are responsible for the silencing and expression of antibiotic resistance genes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.14000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]],"date-time":"2024-05-08T07:09:00Z","timestamp":1715152140000},"page":"526-535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Molecular insights into\u00a0expression and silencing of resistance determinants in <i>Staphylococcus aureus<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ijaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Jawad","family":"Sabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Umar","family":"Javed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arslan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamza","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Abdullah","family":"Jabir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773215Y.0000000030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1813687"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2021.106103"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"470","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and its gene profile in Escherichia coli isolated from diseased farm\u2010raised carps in Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"43","author":"Ullah M","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"UN Environment Programme.Bracing for superbugs: strengthening environmental action in the one health response to antimicrobial resistance. 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