{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T05:09:26Z","timestamp":1779253766227,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe parasitic disease transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. VL is endemic in West Pokot County, Kenya, where effective strategies to interrupt transmission are impeded by the limited understanding of VL risk factors. Therefore, this case\u2013control study aimed to explore environmental, behavioural and household determinants of VL in West Pokot.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>From November 2022 to January 2023, a structured questionnaire was administered to 36 symptomatic primary VL cases attending Kacheliba Sub\u2010County Hospital in West Pokot and to 50 healthy controls from local villages. The VL status of all participants was confirmed using an rK39 rapid diagnostic test. Associations between questioned determinants and VL were investigated by means of age\u2010corrected univariate logistic regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant associations were found between VL and housing characteristics, such as window presence and floor type. VL cases more frequently reported the presence of cattle, dogs and sheep in their house yards. VL was also associated with cutting down trees in the house yard and house proximity to several <jats:italic>Acacia<\/jats:italic> tree species. Furthermore, outdoor activities, including travelling outside the residence for more than 2\u2009weeks, activities near termite mounds, and forest activities during the rainy season, increased the risk of VL.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This work reports a number of previously undescribed risk factors for VL in the understudied West Pokot focus. The results suggest VL transmission occurs both peri\u2010domestically at night and outdoors during the day, particularly when sandfly resting sites are disturbed. Our findings warrant further research into sandfly ecology and potential zoonotic parasite reservoirs in West Pokot.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.14049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,4]],"date-time":"2024-09-04T08:49:42Z","timestamp":1725439782000},"page":"904-912","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A case\u2013control study on risk factors for visceral leishmaniasis in West Pokot County, Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4747-090X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Norbert J.","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention Amsterdam University Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Programme Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Carter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Laboratory Programme Amref Health Africa  Nairobi Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kiptanui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kacheliba Sub\u2010County Hospital  Kacheliba Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5783-8846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra F.","family":"Mens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention Amsterdam University Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases Programme Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7096-6279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henk D. 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