{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:06:39Z","timestamp":1790694399843,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Influenza outbreaks of varying size occur every year, but during the COVID\u201019 pandemic, many countries experienced influenza at lower levels. However, following the relaxation of COVID\u201019 prevention measures in 2022, the incidence of influenza began to increase gradually. Thus, this study compared the occurrence of influenza from week 36 of 2017, before the COVID\u201019 outbreak, until 2023.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The analysis was conducted using influenza\u2010like illness occurrence data available from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency infectious disease website. Additionally, to examine the changes in COVID\u201019 and influenza occurrence during the pandemic, COVID\u201019 incidence data from 20 January 2020 to 31 August 2023 were obtained from the KDCA Coronavirus Disease 19 homepage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>During the COVID\u201019 pandemic, which corresponds to the 2020\/2021 and 2021\/2022 influenza seasons, there was no seasonal influenza epidemic, and the incidence rates were below the usual outbreak levels. However, in the 2022\/2023 season, when the spread of COVID\u201019 had eased, a seasonal pattern similar to that observed before the COVID\u201019 pandemic was noted. Furthermore, correlation analysis between the rates of influenza\u2010like illness and COVID\u201019 incidence showed no significant correlation during the entire period. However, a significant correlation emerged in 2023 (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.393, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05). These results suggest that influenza was suppressed during the COVID\u201019 pandemic but returned to typical seasonal patterns after the COVID\u201019 prevention policies were eased.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The positive correlation observed between the incidences of COVID\u201019 and influenza in 2023 indicates that COVID\u201019, no longer a novel pandemic\u2010causing infectious disease, may have transitioned to an endemic pattern similar to seasonal influenza.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.14055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,7]],"date-time":"2024-11-07T03:08:52Z","timestamp":1730948932000},"page":"1018-1025","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Analysis of the incidence of influenza before and after the <scp>COVID<\/scp>\u201019 pandemic in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Hayeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Public Health AI, Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University  Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Environment Seoul National University  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7656-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeon S.","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Public Health AI, Graduate School of Public Health Seoul National University  Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Environment Seoul National University  Seoul Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science Seoul National University  Seoul Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO).Influenza (Seasonal). Available from:https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/influenza-(seasonal)"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2023.38.e58"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.05.057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines9030188"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101331"},{"issue":"37","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1275","article-title":"Status of infectious diseases reporting in 2022","volume":"16","author":"Ha J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Weekly Report"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"597","article-title":"Sentinel surveillance results for influenza and acute respiratory infections during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic","volume":"16","author":"Cha J","year":"2023","journal-title":"Public Health Weekly Report"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3947\/ic.2019.51.2.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102515"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.16381"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2608.201229"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7"},{"issue":"25","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","first-page":"1759","article-title":"Outbreak report of COVID\u201019 during designation of class 1 infectious disease in the Republic of Korea (January 20, 2020 and April 24, 2022)","volume":"15","author":"Ahn S","year":"2022","journal-title":"Public Health Weekly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-068302","article-title":"Effectiveness of public health measures in reducing the incidence of covid\u201019, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 transmission, and covid\u201019 mortality: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"375","author":"Talic S","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Review of global influenza circulation, late 2019 to 2020, and the impact of the COVID\u201019 pandemic on influenza circulation","volume":"25","author":"Karlsson EA","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.12.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0281812"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2023.10.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2023.2287294"},{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","first-page":"8943","article-title":"National prevalence and socioeconomic factors associated with the acceptance of COVID\u201019 vaccines in South Korea: a large\u2010scale representative study in 2021","volume":"27","author":"Yang H","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Changes in health insurance medical expenses before and after COVID\u201019 and their implications","volume":"26","author":"Kim JI","year":"2020","journal-title":"NABO Focus"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"508","article-title":"Changes in health care utilization during the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"31","author":"Oh JY","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy Manag"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.14055","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T12:05:51Z","timestamp":1733227551000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.14055"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.14055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.14055","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}