{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:31:49Z","timestamp":1792801909267,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,5]],"date-time":"2025-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever is a tick\u2010borne zoonotic disease that may be severe and is present in many African countries. We aimed to understand the seroprevalence and risk for Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus in Tanzania by testing archived serum samples from patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We prospectively enrolled febrile inpatients and outpatients from 2012 through 2014 at two referral hospitals in northern Tanzania. Archived serum samples were tested for Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus antibodies initially by a Luminex assay screen followed by confirmation with immunofluorescence assay. Evidence of exposure to Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus was defined as antibody detection by Luminex and confirmed by immunofluorescence assay. Questionnaire data were used to construct logistic regression models to understand factors associated with prior exposure to Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Domains of predictor variables included sociodemographics, livestock\u2010rearing activities, and environmental factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 735 participants included, antibodies to Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus nucleocapsid protein were detected by Luminex assay in 23 (3.1%) and confirmed by immunofluorescence assay in 13 (1.8%). In multivariable logistic regression, prior exposure to Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus was associated with self\u2010report of milking livestock in the past month (adjusted OR [aOR]: 12.6, 95% CI 1.6\u201399.8) and natural log increase in goat density (head\/km<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>; aOR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.1\u20132.7).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We show serologic evidence of prior exposure to Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus among humans in northern Tanzania. Similar to other settings, our results suggest that exposure is closely linked to livestock activities. Additional research is warranted to understand reservoirs and modes of transmission of Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus to humans in northern Tanzania.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.14082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T04:31:29Z","timestamp":1736137889000},"page":"193-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seroprevalence and risk factors for Crimean\u2010Congo hemorrhagic fever virus exposure among febrile patients in northern Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3618-2822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elichilia R.","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chee Wah","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke\u2010National University of Singapore Medical School  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology National University of Singapore  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shailendra","family":"Mani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke\u2010National University of Singapore Medical School  Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Centre for Virus Research Therapeutics and Vaccines Translational Health Science and Technology Institute  Faridabad Haryare India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases Duke\u2010National University of Singapore Medical School  Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingileki F.","family":"Lwezaula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blandina T.","family":"Mmbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venance P.","family":"Maro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre  Moshi Tanzania"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College  Moshi Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan Institute of Virology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo E. 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