{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T05:04:53Z","timestamp":1788498293551,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Malaria, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus <jats:italic>Plasmodium<\/jats:italic>, remains prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. This study employed Bayesian spatio\u2010temporal analysis to assess malaria incidence patterns and identify environmental and climatic correlates across Thailand at the district level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed national malaria surveillance data using Bayesian hierarchical models to examine spatio\u2010temporal patterns in malaria incidence. The model incorporated random effects to account for unobserved heterogeneity across locations and over time, enabling robust inferences on the relationships between environmental and climatic factors and malaria incidence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>This analysis revealed seasonal malaria incidence patterns related to environmental and climatic factors, particularly <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>. A 1\u00b0C increase in maximum temperature at a 6\u2010month lag was associated with an 8% increase in <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> incidence (relative risk [RR]\u2009=\u20091.08; 95% credible interval [CrI]: 1.06\u20131.10). Additionally, a 0.1\u2010unit increase in normalised difference vegetation index corresponded to an 11.96\u2010fold increase in <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> cases (95% CrI: 9.36\u201315.38), while each 100\u2009mm increase in precipitation led to an 8% rise (RR: 1.08; 95% CrI: 1.06\u20131.09). For <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>, a 0.1\u2010unit increase in normalised difference vegetation index correlated with an 11.59\u2010fold increase in incidence (95% CrI: 8.29\u201316.16). The risk of <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> increased by 15% per 100\u2009mm increase in precipitation (RR\u2009=\u20091.15; 95% CrI: 1.13\u20131.17) and by 4% for each 1\u00b0C rise in maximum temperature (RR\u2009=\u20091.04; 95% CrI: 1.02\u20131.06). Elevated incidence was predominantly observed along the Thai\u2010Cambodian and Thai\u2010Myanmar borders, with central Thailand classified as low risk.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings highlight the significance of integrating environmental and climatic factors into malaria control strategies. The insights gained can guide the Thai government's resource allocation for effective surveillance, treatment, and preventive measures, ultimately supporting malaria control and elimination efforts in the region.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.14101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T09:37:55Z","timestamp":1741772275000},"page":"404-416","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mapping malaria in Thailand: A Bayesian spatio\u2010temporal analysis of national surveillance data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Khanittha","family":"Pratumchart","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2727-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kavin","family":"Thinkhamrop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public Health Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5994-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kulwadee","family":"Suwannatrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology Sakon Nakhon Rajabhat University  Sakon Nakhon Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1685-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prayuth","family":"Sudathip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control Ministry of Public Health  Nonthaburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suravadee","family":"Kitchakarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vector Borne Diseases, Department of Disease Control Ministry of Public Health  Nonthaburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1304-2524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le Thanh","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology Institute of Malariology, Parasitology, and Entomology Quy Nhon  Binh Dinh Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mick","family":"Soukavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Health Sciences  Vientiane Laos"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pariwate","family":"Varnakovida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi  Bangkok Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9763-5720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thidarut","family":"Boonmars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2077-8754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ampas","family":"Wisetmora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sirindhorn College of Public Health Suphanburi, Faculty of Public Health and Allied Health Sciences Praboromarajchanok Institute  Suphanburi Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4054-4670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sitthisak","family":"Moukomla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geography Department, Faculty of Liberal Arts Thammasat University  Pathum Thani Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7601-325X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Archie C. A.","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen's University Belfast  Belfast Northern Ireland UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8857-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kinley","family":"Wangdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HEAL Global Research Centre, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health University of Canberra  Bruce ACT Australia"},{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health (NCEPH) Australian National University  Acton ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3722-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Apiporn T.","family":"Suwannatrai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Khon Kaen University  Khon Kaen Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Key world malaria report 2023. World Health Organization.2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","unstructured":"WHO.Key Malaria in South\u2010East Asia.2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04363-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05026-6"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"674","article-title":"Malaria trends and challenges in the greater Mekong subregion","volume":"40","author":"Delacollette C","year":"2009","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-015-0921-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","unstructured":"CDC.Key Malaria Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.2023."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.1994.tb00595.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-022-05397-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2478-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-12-420"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01272.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63896-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04880-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","unstructured":"Thailand Official Statistics Registration Systems.Population.2022http:\/\/stat.bora.dopa.go.th\/new_stat\/webPage\/statByYear.php"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-021-03740-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12145-023-01035-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51564-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","unstructured":"WorldClim.Historical monthly weather data 2022.https:\/\/www.worldclim.org\/data\/monthlywth.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-018-2693-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2588-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-99137-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-020-03221-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01930"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1128981"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.19-0496"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-297"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-022-00185-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad262"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04478-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8030179"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"Status of malaria in Thailand","volume":"31","author":"Chareonviriyaphap T","year":"2000","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpvbd.2024.100170"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-265"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1590-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/363417"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30123-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2024.100497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-019-2704-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-023-04675-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1900-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2021.1962291"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Drug resistant malaria on the Thai\u2010Myanmar and Thai\u2010Cambodian borders","volume":"32","author":"Wongsrichanalai C","year":"2001","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-04851-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-60385-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-9-252"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11949-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44821-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1549-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1706-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-235"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/45.1.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001146"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-024-05074-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.3685"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2024.1514-1522"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-024-06165-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-018-2342-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0954-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47265-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16069-7"}],"container-title":["Tropical Medicine &amp; International Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tmi.14101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,5]],"date-time":"2025-05-05T00:46:38Z","timestamp":1746405998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tmi.14101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tmi.14101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.14101","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1360-2276","1365-3156"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1360-2276","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-3156","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}