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After propensity score matching on key covariates, the final sample included 36 asthmatic and 81 non\u2010asthmatic participants. Data on spirometry, fractional exhaled nitric oxide, and air pollution exposures, including fine particulate matter levels, were collected via surveys and direct measurements.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Multivariate regression found significant associations between air pollution exposures and spirometry indicators; specific exposures linked to larger lung\u2010function declines and fractional exhaled nitric oxide increases in asthmatic versus non\u2010asthmatic children. In asthmatics, mosquito\u2010coil use (\u22651\/week) was associated with a 5.46% FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC drop (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(diff)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.020); a 16.69% FEF<jats:sub>25\u201375<\/jats:sub> decline (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(diff)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.010); and an 18.30\u2009ppb fractional exhaled nitric oxide rise (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.038; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(diff)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.016)\u2014none significant in non\u2010asthmatics. In non\u2010asthmatic children, each 1\u2009\u03bcg\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup> PM<jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub> increase was tied to a 0.113% FEV<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\/FVC fall (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.043; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(diff)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.037) and window opening to a 5.18% FEF<jats:sub>25\u201375<\/jats:sub> drop (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.045; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>(diff)<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.041), effects absent in asthmatics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Air pollution was associated with reduced lung function and elevated airway inflammation in children, with certain exposures having stronger effects in those with asthma. These findings underscore the urgency to reduce both indoor and outdoor air pollution to protect children's respiratory health.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.14135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T02:53:48Z","timestamp":1750128828000},"page":"801-811","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Air pollution and lung function in asthmatic and non\u2010asthmatic children: A cross\u2010sectional study with a nested case\u2013control analysis in Ho Chi Minh City"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2706-9206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Quynh Nhat","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6045-099X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thao Phuong","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1186-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"An","family":"Le Pham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0480-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linh","family":"Le Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City  Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1239-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tram T. 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