{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T02:01:57Z","timestamp":1762394517553,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antigen cross\u2010reactivity in infections may induce heterologous immunity, leading to immunological protection against widely divergent organisms. We hypothesised that this may be a factor in the varying intensity of COVID\u201019 infection globally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During the COVID\u201019 pandemic, we tested 46 symptomatic patients for both COVID\u201019 antibodies and the Typhidot test. The kappa statistic in STATA 16.0 was used to analyse agreement between the two tests. Python\u2010based k\u2010mer analysis was used to identify overlapping fragments between SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      proteins. PEP\u2010Fold3, TM\u2010align and RasMol software were used to evaluate the 3D\u2010structural changes. World COVID\u201019 and Typhoid mortality and infection statistics were obtained from published data. Line graphs were used to assess correlations between Typhoid cases and COVID\u201019 mortality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There was a high degree of agreement between Typhidot and COVID\u201019 antibody tests (Cohen's kappa\u2009=\u20090.43,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0016). A 5\u2010amino\u2010acid peptide, NGVEG, located in the receptor binding motif (RBM) of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Spike protein matched with the Typhoid flagellar\u2010H protein on k\u2010mer analysis. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Delta (B.1.617.2) variant 3D structure displayed marked changes that may have altered this cross\u2010reactivity. COVID\u201019 mortality between Pre\u2010Delta (2020) and Post\u2010Delta (2021) periods showed a negative correlation in Typhoid endemic regions and a reverse trend in non\u2010endemic regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross\u2010reactivity of Typhoid flagellar\u2010H protein antibodies with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, mediated by a peptide in the RBM, may have provided partial heterologous immunity to COVID\u201019 in Typhoid endemic regions and this was eliminated by the Delta variant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T05:00:02Z","timestamp":1756875602000},"page":"1187-1193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross\u2010Reactivity of\n                    <scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 Antibodies With Typhoid Flagellar\u2010H Protein"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5866-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneela","family":"Pasha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Aga Khan University  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5276-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ImmunoCure \u2010 Center for Inflammatory Diseases  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2020.1783198"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18\u20100145"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","DOI":"10.2196\/27268"},{"unstructured":"WHO Typhoid(2023) https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/typhoid.","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"publisher","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004558"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","article-title":"Cross\u2010Reactivity of Rapid Salmonella Typhi IgM Immunoassay in Dengue Fever Without Co\u2010Existing Infection","volume":"7","author":"Bhatti A. 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