{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:34:31Z","timestamp":1790116471140,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001505","name":"Health Research Council of New Zealand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\/269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\/269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scabies is a neglected disease believed to be more prevalent in resource\u2010poor nations. Published data describing global trends in scabies incidence and prevalence rates and factors associated with global regional differences are limited. Identifying regions with scabies prevalence rates over 10% and implementing mass\u2010drug administration is recommended. We aimed to identify global high\u2010risk areas to facilitate region\u2010specific targeted interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data on scabies incidence and prevalence in 204 countries and regions from 1990 to 2021 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease database. Temporal trends in age\u2010standardised rates were estimated using Joinpoint regression. Local indicators of spatial association were used to determine contiguous areas of high prevalence. The association of socio\u2010demographic and economic factors with scabies was determined using locally weighted scatterplot smoothing and log\u2010normal regression models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Global prevalence of scabies in 2021 was 2.71% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.41% to 3.04%). Age\u2010standardised rates of scabies have marginally declined globally from 1990 to 2021 with an Average Annual Percentage Change (AAPC) of \u22120.10 (95% CI: \u22120.05 to \u22120.14) for incidence and \u22120.09 (95% CI: \u22120.05 to \u22120.14) for prevalence. Spatial clustering of high scabies prevalence was present in tropical Latin America, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands. Rates have shown an increasing trend over time in high\u2010income regions such as Australasia and parts of Europe. Scabies rates have increased over time in high\u2010middle and high sociodemographic index regions. There is a significant positive association between warmer latitudes with increasing urbanisation and scabies prevalence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Owing to the exploratory nature of the GBD data, our findings are hypothesis generating, rather than confirmatory. Scabies prevalence remains high in several global regions. Progress to reduce scabies prevalence is slow with existing programmes. Scabies control policies should be further prioritised to accelerate progress in reducing the prevalence of this important tropical disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]],"date-time":"2025-09-13T08:20:16Z","timestamp":1757751616000},"page":"1211-1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Tracing the Itch: A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Scabies Rates and Its Risk Factors Using the Global Burden of Disease 2021 Data"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9216-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saptorshi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Thornley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LabPlus, Auckland City Hospital  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Sundborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Pacific Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences The University of Auckland  Auckland New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68772-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00134-14"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children11080981"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283511d27"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00552-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"\u201cGlobal Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) Socio\u2010Demographic Index (SDI) 1950\u20132021 | GHDx \u201d(2024) https:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/global\u2010burden\u2010disease\u2010study\u20102021\u2010gbd\u20102021\u2010socio\u2010demographic\u2010index\u2010sdi\u20101950%E2%80%932 021."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(24)00757\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","unstructured":"\u201cScabies | Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.healthdata.org\/gbd\/methods\u2010appendices\u20102021\/scabies."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","unstructured":"\u201cWorld Bank Open Data \u201d(2024) https:\/\/data.worldbank.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","unstructured":"\u201cR: The R Project for Statistical Computing \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.r\u2010project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","unstructured":"\u201cQGIS Overview QGIS Web Site \u201d(2024) https:\/\/www.qgis.org\/project\/overview\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","unstructured":"\u201cJoinpoint Help System \u201d(2024) https:\/\/surveillance.cancer.gov\/help\/joinpoint\/tech\u2010help\/citation."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1754136"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30483-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012775"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.19167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00132-2"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"1598","article-title":"Increased Scabies Incidence at the Beginning of the 21st Century: What Do Reports From Europe and the World Show?","volume":"12","author":"A\u017edaji\u0107 M. 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