{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T00:09:00Z","timestamp":1792022940146,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764720000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insecticide resistance in malaria vectors threatens the effectiveness of long\u2010lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) in Tanzania. Understanding the evolution of insecticide resistance is essential for guiding vector control policy in Tanzania. This review synthesises evidence on resistance patterns, surveillance and management strategies to inform programmatic decisions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To synthesise evidence on insecticide resistance patterns, mechanisms and management strategies in Tanzanian malaria vectors (2015\u20132024), and to highlight research and surveillance gaps.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A scoping review was conducted using the PRISMA\u2010ScR framework. Articles were retrieved from multiple databases based on predetermined eligibility criteria. Data on resistance patterns, mechanisms, surveillance approaches and management strategies were extracted and synthesised.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 910 identified records, ten met inclusion criteria. All studies applied WHO susceptibility bioassays, and several incorporated molecular or biochemical assays. Pyrethroid resistance was consistently reported, largely driven by knockdown resistance (\n                      <jats:italic>kdr<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) mutations and metabolic mechanisms. DDT resistance was common, while moderate resistance to carbamates appeared in about half of the studies. Organophosphates, particularly pirimiphos\u2010methyl, remained effective and new insecticides such as clothianidin and chlorfenapyr showed high efficacy with no resistance detected. Reported management strategies included pyrethroid\u2013PBO LLINs and integrated vector management, although surveillance coverage and mechanistic profiling were inconsistent across sites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Insecticide resistance is widespread in Tanzanian malaria vectors, with pyrethroids most affected. While new insecticides and management strategies show promise, gaps in surveillance and operational evidence limit effectiveness. Strengthened research capacity, sustained funding and cross\u2010sectoral collaboration are essential to support evidence\u2010based resistance management and protect malaria control gains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,4]],"date-time":"2025-12-04T01:25:27Z","timestamp":1764811527000},"page":"162-175","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insecticide Resistance Management in Malaria Vectors in Tanzania Mainland (2015\u20132024): A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Theresia Estomih","family":"Nkya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Dar es Salaam\u2010Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences  Mbeya Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"World Malaria Report 2023","author":"WHO","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15535"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-022-04052-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2002.00840.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","volume-title":"Malaria Surveillance, Monitoring and Evaluation Plan","author":"National Malaria Control Programme","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9745\/GHSP-D-16-00040"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"Africa Fighting Malaria \u201cSummary of Indoor Residual Spraying in Tanzania \u201daccessed November 12 2025 https:\/\/www.fightingmalaria.org\/files\/pdfs\/Tanzania_IRSWMD2008.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","unstructured":"\u201cPresident's Malaria Initiative: Tanzania Malaria Operational Plan FY 2015\u2014United Republic of Tanzania \u201daccessed November 12 2025 https:\/\/reliefweb.int\/report\/united\u2010republic\u2010tanzania\/presidents\u2010malaria\u2010initiative\u2010tanzania\u2010malaria\u2010operational\u2010plan\u2010fy\u20102015."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. 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