{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T09:56:24Z","timestamp":1791453384294,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma (MM) are reported to occur more frequently in Black populations, particularly African Americans. However, despite Sub\u2010Saharan Africa (SSA) being home to the largest Black population globally, epidemiological data on MGUS and MM in the region remain scarce.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of published studies from SSA to estimate the pooled prevalence of MGUS and MM, regional variations, survival outcomes and key clinical complications, including HIV\u2010associated MM, renal failure, anaemia and hypercalcaemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty\u2010five studies were included in this systematic review and meta\u2010analysis, with eight on MGUS and 37 on MM. The pooled prevalence of MGUS in SSA was 3.1% (95% CI: 0.8%\u201312.0%), while MM prevalence was 7.8% (95% CI: 5.6%\u201310.4%). MM burden was highest in Central Africa and lowest in West Africa, whereas MGUS prevalence peaked in Southern Africa. The pooled mean survival for MM was 34.7\u2009months; 1\u2010year and 5\u2010year overall survival rates were 46.0% and 20.7%, respectively. HIV significantly modified MM outcomes: the pooled prevalence of MM among people living with HIV was 7.2% (95% CI: 1.9%\u201324.2%), and mean survival was markedly shorter in HIV\u2010positive patients (9.9\u2009months) compared with HIV\u2010negative patients (36.7\u2009months). Renal failure was highly prevalent, affecting 30.1% (95% CI: 23.5%\u201337.6%) of MM patients at diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MM and MGUS impose a substantial and under\u2010recognised burden in SSA, with poorer survival outcomes compared with global averages. The high rates of delayed presentation, limited diagnostic capacity, absence of routine plasma cell disorder screening and restricted access to modern therapies likely contribute to the disparities observed. Strengthening diagnostic infrastructure and improving early detection and treatment pathways are urgently needed to advance equity in myeloma care across SSA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T17:14:33Z","timestamp":1769620473000},"page":"237-253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Epidemiology of Monoclonal Gammopathies in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis of\n                    <scp>MGUS<\/scp>\n                    and Multiple Myeloma"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8431-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iyanuloluwa S.","family":"Ojo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Leeds Institute of Health Sciences University of Leeds  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olurotimi John","family":"Badero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardionephrology Cardiac Renal &amp; Vascular Associates  Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toluwalope Olawale","family":"Oluwalana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mersey and West Lancashire NHS Trust  Blackpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0004-7389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas","family":"Aderinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ladoke Akintola University of Technology  Ogbomoso Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faridat","family":"Ibidun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Noble's Hospital  Douglas Isle of Man"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onur","family":"Oral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences Ege University  Izmir Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Oyesiji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Ibadan  Ibadan Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn Faith","family":"Ogungbemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rostov State Medical University  Rostov\u2010on\u2010Don Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_17_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-023-00853-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17050793"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.morpho.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_5_1","unstructured":"D. Y.Moritz \u201cMultiple Myeloma and Other Plasma Cell Diseases\u201d (PhD thesis. University of Zagreb School of Medicine. Department of Internal Medicine 2019) https:\/\/repozitorij.unizg.hr\/islandora\/object\/mef:2498."},{"key":"e_1_2_17_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19019-4_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_17_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43162-021-00088-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_17_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma in Africa: Review of an Under\u2010Diagnosed Carcinoma","volume":"5","author":"Shehu M. 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