{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T21:33:05Z","timestamp":1773005585621,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]],"date-time":"2025-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766361600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                    species are zoonotic parasites increasingly linked to neurological and psychiatric conditions. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis synthesised evidence from observational studies assessing the association between\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and neuropsychiatric disorders. Thirty\u2010four eligible studies (32 case\u2013control, 2 cross\u2010sectional) were identified through comprehensive database searches up to May 2025. The pooled seroprevalence was 25.1% (95% CI: 21.3%\u201329.3%) amongst patients with neurological disorders and 9.6% (95% CI: 5.6%\u201315.8%) amongst those with psychiatric conditions.\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                    seropositivity was significantly associated with several neurological disorders, including attention\u2010deficit hyperactivity disorder (RR\u2009=\u20094.50), epilepsy (1.62), Alzheimer's disease (1.82), essential tremor (2.42) and mental retardation (2.37). For psychiatric disorders, the overall association did not reach statistical significance (RR\u2009=\u20092.22;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.052), though schizophrenia showed a stronger link (3.83). Whilst causality cannot be inferred, mechanisms such as neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter disruption may contribute. These findings underscore the need for further longitudinal and mechanistic research to clarify the potential role of\n                    <jats:italic>Toxocara<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure in neuropsychiatric disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T01:53:49Z","timestamp":1766454829000},"page":"284-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Toxocara<\/i>\n                    Infection and Its Association With Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2497-6158","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Javad","family":"Boozhmehrani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir Mootabi","family":"Alavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8337-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Tavalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"},{"name":"Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences  Ahvaz Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473\u20103099(17)30331\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2020.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000012361"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007809"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010019\u20107933\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-8-88"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102091"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x1900083x"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"6371","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxocariasis in Cryptogenic Epilepsy Patients","volume":"30","author":"Ekici A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fresenius Environmental Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003082"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639\u2010022\u201001542\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0022149x25000161"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/trae039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2024.106017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/685196"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2024.2404480"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0028\u20103886.364076"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/aian.AIAN_384_17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.3.335"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","first-page":"32","article-title":"Frequency of Toxoplasma and Toxocara sp. 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