{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:24:42Z","timestamp":1791390282225,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Shigellosis, a major cause of diarrhoea in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries, presents a significant public health challenge due to its high morbidity and mortality, particularly among children under five. The local epidemiology and resistance patterns of\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species in Cameroon remain poorly characterised. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis aims to determine the prevalence and antibiotic resistance patterns of\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species in Cameroon.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement and was registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO). A comprehensive search of databases was performed up to June 2025 to identify observational studies reporting\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence. Data were extracted using a pre\u2010tested standardised form, and the risk of bias was assessed with the Hoy et\u00a0al. checklist. Meta\u2010analyses were performed using a DerSimonian\u2010Laird random\u2010effects model in R software to estimate the pooled prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      statistic.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 23 studies were included, surrounding 24,847 total units of analysis (including humans, animals, food and environmental samples). The overall pooled prevalence across all sources was 9% (95% CI, 5.51%\u201314.76%; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200993.3%). When restricted to human patient populations (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200924,464 individuals), the pooled prevalence was 6% (95% CI, 3%\u201312%; I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u200994.0%). Prevalence rates in non\u2010human sources were 6% in animals (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009358), 9% in food samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091371) and 6% in environmental samples (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009610). Among identified species,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                        <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:styled-content>\n                      was most common (36.4%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings indicate a significant burden of shigellosis in Cameroon, coupled with a concerning level of resistance to first\u2010line antibiotics. This high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR)\u00a0suggests that current empirical treatments may be ineffective, underscoring the critical need for a continuous surveillance program to guide clinical and public health interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T04:14:41Z","timestamp":1770092081000},"page":"422-434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiology of\n                    <i>Shigella<\/i>\n                    Species in Cameroon: Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Nassaradine Macki","family":"Minawir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Entomologie\u2010Parasitologie, D\u00e9partement des Sciences et Technologies Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako  Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9496-0445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatien Serge","family":"Mbaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Sup\u00e9rieure des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Siantou, Institut Universitaire Siantou  Yaounde Cameroon"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology The University of Yaounde I  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahamat","family":"B\u00e9chir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Sant\u00e9 Humaine, Universit\u00e9 de N'Djamena  N'Djamena Chad"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin Olivier","family":"Essindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology The University of Yaounde I  Yaounde Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpha Seydou","family":"Yaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Entomologie\u2010Parasitologie, D\u00e9partement des Sciences et Technologies Universit\u00e9 des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies de Bamako  Bamako Mali"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20469047.2017.1409454"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11111653"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013393"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09945-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.01.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050817"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-10266-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-016-0384-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"meta: An R package for meta\u2010analysis","volume":"7","author":"Schwarzer G.","year":"2007","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","volume-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. 4.3.2 ed","author":"Team RC","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001666"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIMES-24-01"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1230"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/jwarp.2021.135022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.29.170.14296"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0502.990217"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12050929"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9977371"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","first-page":"68","article-title":"A Study of the Microbiology of the Stools of Africans in Hospital With Diarrhoeal Diseases at Douala, Cameroon","volume":"1","author":"Faucon R.","year":"1965","journal-title":"American Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L. 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