{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T16:43:37Z","timestamp":1792428217802,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n \n This study compares the survival of hookworm eggs and\n Strongyloides stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n first\u2010stage larvae (L1) in septic tank sludge. Laboratory evidence suggests these helminths differ in survivability, but real\u2010world data are lacking.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We enrolled 24 households, each with at least one member positive for\n S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n and at least one member positive for hookworm. Each member used their own household latrine for defecation. We collected stool samples from 112 individuals, followed by sludge sampling from 24 septic tanks 2\u2009weeks later. Stool samples were examined using agar plate culture (APC) and a modified formalin\u2010ether concentration technique (MFECT) to detect and count hookworm eggs,\n S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n L1, and other helminth eggs. In parallel, sludge samples were analysed using an APC method to detect hookworm third\u2010stage larvae (L3) and\n S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n (L3 and free\u2010living stages).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Hookworm L3 were positive in 48 sludge samples from 24 households collected from septic tanks of 24 latrines where hookworm\u2010positive members defecated. In contrast, no\n S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n L3 or free\u2010living males and females were found in 48 sludge samples from 24 septic tanks with\n S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010positive household members defecating in latrines.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n Hookworm eggs can survive in septic tank sludge, but\n S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n L1 cannot be detected using APC in 48 sludge samples. Thus, managing hookworm eggs in sludge is important, whereas special measures for\n S. stercoralis<\/jats:italic>\n may not be needed. Using latrines effectively helps control strongyloidiasis.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T14:31:21Z","timestamp":1771252281000},"page":"581-586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Survival of Hookworm Eggs and\n \n Strongyloides stercoralis<\/i>\n <\/scp>\n First\u2010Stage Larvae in Sludge From Septic Tanks"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2887-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patthanasak","family":"Khammaneechan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"},{"name":"EC for PHR Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attarat","family":"Pattanawongsa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"},{"name":"Drug and Cosmetics Excellence Center Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blego","family":"Sedionoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Public Health Mulawarman University Samarinda Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1509-4046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Witthaya","family":"Anamnart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"},{"name":"School of Allied Health Sciences Walailak University Nakhon Si Thammarat Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0012331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00040031747027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"WHO Guideline on Preventive Chemotherapy for Public Health Control of Strongyloidiasis","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soh.2023.100038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-5031-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01314-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2019.1671960"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11619-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"Sanitation and Disease: Health Aspects of Excreta and Wastewater Management","author":"Feachem R. 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