{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:11:44Z","timestamp":1785795104480,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Waterborne diseases and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pose mounting public health threats across sub\u2010Saharan Africa, particularly in rapidly urbanising regions dependent on untreated or poorly treated surface waters. This study applied shotgun metagenomic sequencing to characterise microbial communities, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in water samples collected from Lake Victoria, River Wigwa, Dunga Water Treatment Plant, Nyalenda Wastewater Stabilisation Ponds and the tap water outlet in post\u2010treatment supply pipe in Kisumu city (Kenya). Bacterial taxa dominated all metagenomes, with 121 classes represented. Cyanobacteria, particularly\n                    <jats:italic>Planktothrix<\/jats:italic>\n                    , were highly abundant in lake and tap water, whereas wastewater and river samples exhibited greater taxonomic diversity. Major human pathogens, including\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Bacillus cereus<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      \/anthracis\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    , were detected in nearly all samples, with unexpectedly high prevalence in tap water. Viral indicators of faecal contamination (adenoviruses, enteroviruses and torque teno viruses) corroborated widespread wastewater influence. Functional gene profiling revealed a rich resistome comprising aminoglycoside\u2010modifying enzymes, \u03b2\u2010lactamases, vancomycin\u2010resistance operons and disinfectant\u2010resistance determinants. The highest ARG and virulence gene frequencies occurred in tap and treatment\u2010plant water, suggesting that incomplete disinfection and biofilm persistence promote the proliferation and exchange of ARGs between environmental and pathogenic taxa. In contrast, Lake Victoria water exhibited lower ARG abundance, reflecting natural self\u2010purification processes. These findings underscore the inadequate water treatment and open wastewater systems create ecological \u2018hotspots\u2019 for ARG selection and horizontal gene transfer. Metagenomic surveillance integrated into One Health frameworks can enhance risk forecasting and guide interventions to mitigate AMR emergence and dissemination in freshwater systems serving over 35 million people across the Lake Victoria basin.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T14:01:02Z","timestamp":1771250462000},"page":"547-559","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From Lake Victoria to the Tap: Antibiotic Resistance and Pathogenic Contamination of Kisumu City Water Supply and Wastewater Network"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Oleg N.","family":"Reva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Centre for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology University of Pretoria  Pretoria South 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