{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T17:53:37Z","timestamp":1785779617515,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100031746","name":"Science for Africa Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GCA\/SARSCov2\u20102\u201020\u2010002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GCA\/SARSCov2\u20102\u201020\u2010002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100031746","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NIHR134531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NIHR134531"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R02118X\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R02118X\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_PC_21034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_PC_21034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>COVID\u201019 has had major global health impacts, yet reported morbidity and mortality have been lower in Africa despite serological evidence of widespread infection. Malaria has been proposed as a potential modifier of susceptibility to and outcomes of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection. We investigated whether prospectively measured life\u2010course malaria exposure was associated with serologically defined SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection among adolescents in a malaria\u2010endemic setting and explored symptomatic COVID\u201019 during follow\u2010up.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a longitudinal study nested within the Entebbe Mother and Baby Study birth cohort in Uganda. Adolescents were enrolled and followed up 6 and 12\u2009months later. Blood samples were collected at each visit for SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 serology. Malaria exposure was defined using prospectively collected data on clinical malaria (from birth to 10\u2009years), asymptomatic parasitaemia at annual visits and antibody responses to\n                      <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      merozoite surface protein 2 (PfMSP\u20102) and apical membrane antigen 1 (PfAMA\u20101). The primary outcome was SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 seropositivity, based on spike and nucleocapsid IgG responses, with seropositivity cut\u2010offs derived from pre\u2010pandemic samples. Secondary outcomes, including antibody concentrations and symptomatic PCR\u2010confirmed disease, were explored. Vaccinated participants were excluded from subsequent serological analyses. Logistic and linear regression models assessed associations with seropositivity and log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010transformed antibody concentrations, adjusting for key demographic, socioeconomic and exposure\u2010related confounders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Between August and November 2021, 476 adolescents (mean age 16.4\u2009years (SD\u2009=\u20090.75); 205 (43.1%) female) were enrolled. Overall, 12.0% had ever had asymptomatic parasitaemia, and 61.3% had experienced clinical malaria. SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 seropositivity among unvaccinated participants increased from 63% at baseline to 89.3% at 6\u2009months and 94.9% at 12\u2009months; no PCR\u2010positive cases were reported. Multivariable analyses showed no consistent association between malaria exposure and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 seropositivity or antibody concentration levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found no consistent evidence that life\u2010course malaria exposure was associated with SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 infection as measured by serology or antibody levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T12:26:36Z","timestamp":1776947196000},"page":"1012-1027","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Life Course Malaria Exposure and\n                    <scp>SARS<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>CoV<\/scp>\n                    \u20102 Seroepidemiology in Ugandan Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study Nested in a Birth Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8296-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludoviko","family":"Zirimenya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunomodulation and Vaccines Focus Area, Vaccine Research Theme Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC\/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit  Entebbe Uganda"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Research London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doreen","family":"Nayebare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunomodulation and Vaccines Focus Area, Vaccine Research Theme Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC\/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit  Entebbe 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