{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:23:53Z","timestamp":1783466633910,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tropical Med Int Health"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Typhoid fever remains a major public health threat in Ghana, where the intensification of a long\u2010standing endemic challenge is driving a re\u2010emergence of the disease. This resurgence is fuelled by a complex interplay of escalating antimicrobial resistance (AMR), inadequate water and sanitation (WASH) infrastructure, and persistent diagnostic limitations. This scoping review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the current evidence on the epidemiology, AMR patterns, diagnosis, treatment and public health interventions for typhoid fever in Ghana.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic scoping review of peer\u2010reviewed literature, national surveillance data and public health reports from January 2010 to August 2025 was conducted using databases including PubMed, Scopus and institutional repositories.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of typhoid fever remains high, with significant outbreaks in regions like Oti linked to environmental degradation from illegal mining. A critical shift in antimicrobial resistance is observed, with widespread resistance to first\u2010line agents now compounded by emerging resistance to ciprofloxacin and decreased susceptibility to third\u2010generation cephalosporins. Diagnostics remain a major challenge, with an over\u2010reliance on the unreliable Widal test and underutilization of blood culture, which fuels a cycle of misdiagnosis and inappropriate antibiotic use. While public health interventions like WASH improvements and typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) rollouts are underway, they face significant logistical and financial hurdles to full implementation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The re\u2010emergence of typhoid fever in Ghana is a complex public health crisis demanding an integrated response. Addressing this challenge requires strengthening diagnostic capacity, enforcing antimicrobial stewardship, accelerating TCV implementation, and making sustained investments in WASH infrastructure to break the cycle of transmission.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.70202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T23:01:41Z","timestamp":1783465301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Resurgence of Typhoid Fever in Ghana: A Scoping Review of Epidemiology, Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns, Geographic Distribution, and Public Health Interventions"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8199-5806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Twumasi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science Garden City University  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Legacy Hospital  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard Owusu","family":"Ansah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"},{"name":"Genomic and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9252-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul Wasid","family":"Abubakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science Laboratory Technology Accra Technical University  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0805-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allwell Adofo","family":"Ayirebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory Division Kuntanase Government Hospital  Bosomtwe Ghana"},{"name":"Medicare College of Applied Sciences  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright Opoku","family":"Dankwah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science Garden City University  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0316-3845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Opoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Diagnostics Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P.Boakye Okyere S.Twumasi\u2010Ankrah S.Newton et\u00a0al. \u201cBurden of Febrile Illness Complications and Determinants of Typhoid Fever Complications in the Ashanti Region of Ghana \u201d medRxiv. 2025:2025.04. 17.25326003 2025.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.04.17.25326003"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases13040113","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Typhoid Fever in Ghana: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Kungu F.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e599","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(24)00007-X","article-title":"Incidence of Typhoid Fever in Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Madagascar, and Nigeria (the Severe Typhoid in Africa Programme): A Population\u2010Based Study","volume":"12","author":"Marks F.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.2833","article-title":"Prevalence of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in the Hohoe Municipality of the Volta Region, Ghana: A Five\u2010Year Retrospective Trend Analysis","volume":"86","author":"Fusheini A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annals of Global Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"Results G. 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