{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T05:52:45Z","timestamp":1784181165395,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Topics in Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An enigma for human languages is that children learn to understand words in their mother tongue extremely fast. The cognitive sciences have not been able to fully understand the mechanisms behind this highly efficient learning process. In order to provide at least a partial answer to this problem, I have developed a cognitive model of the semantics of natural language in terms of conceptual spaces. I present a background to conceptual spaces and provide a brief summary of their main features, in particular how it handles learning of concepts. I then apply the model to give a geometric account of the semantics of different word classes. In particular, I propose a \u201csingle\u2010domain hypotheses\u201d for the semantics of all word classes except nouns. These hypotheses provide a partial answer to the enigma of how words are learned. Next, a dynamic cognitive model of events is introduced that replaces and extends the function of thematic roles. I apply it to analyze the meanings of different kinds of verbs. I argue that the model also explains some aspects of syntactic structure. In particular, I propose that a sentence typically refers to an event. Some further applications of conceptual spaces are briefly presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.12767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]],"date-time":"2024-11-10T18:38:18Z","timestamp":1731263898000},"page":"34-56","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Geometry and Dynamics of Meaning"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7423-828X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"G\u00e4rdenfors","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and Cognitive Science Lund University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat6766"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"How children learn the meanings of words","author":"Bloom P.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"264","volume-title":"Linguistic Theory and Psychological Reality","author":"Carey S.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195367638.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf0941"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"137","volume-title":"The Oxford handbook of event structure","author":"Copley B.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199248582.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/tsl.42"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mila.12240"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/lan.1991.0021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/2076.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110207507.2.167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9629.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3341167"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.00630"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.langsci.2023.101610"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2017.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/cog-2013-0017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11023-023-09640-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rati.12424"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jos\/ffs007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11229-011-0060-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","volume-title":"The processing of information and structure","author":"Garner W. 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