{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T09:00:24Z","timestamp":1790413224271,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790380800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1838462"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1838462"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Topics in Cognitive Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The capacity to generate adaptive movements largely depends on how we generalize what we have previously learned to novel situations. The generalization of adapted movements has typically been framed as a consequence of neural tuning functions that overlap for similar movement kinematics\u2014what might be considered bottom\u2010up generalization. However, as is true in many domains of human behavior, generalization can also be framed as the result of goal\u2010directed, deliberate decisions about how to act (top\u2010down generalization). Here, we attempt to broaden the scope of theories about motor generalization, hypothesizing that part of the typical motor generalization function is associated with goal\u2010directed decisions concerning the subjective similarity of different movement contexts. We tested this proposal by having participants make explicit similarity ratings over both traditional kinematic contextual dimensions (movement direction) and more abstract contextual dimensions (target shape) and perform a visuomotor adaptation generalization task where trials varied over those dimensions. Across five experiments, we measured the relationship between subjective similarity ratings and motor generalization. In some cases, this link was rather strong, though it was determined by the inferred goals of participants (e.g., task relevance, explicit instruction, etc.). These results support a broadening of current frameworks to explain the generalization of motor behaviors and support a more careful deployment of goal\u2010 and task\u2010relevant instructions in generalization studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tops.70086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:42:11Z","timestamp":1790412131000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Generalization of Motor Learning in Psychological Space"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1719-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene","family":"Poh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences The University of Queensland"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences Macquarie University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7852-3678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naser","family":"Al\u2010Fawakhiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Tam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Princeton University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8100-4238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel D.","family":"McDougle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Yale University"},{"name":"Wu Tsai Institute Yale University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9300-1229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan A.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Princeton University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aldous D. J.(1985).Exchangeability and related topics. In P. L. Hennequin (Ed.) \u00c9cole d\u2019\u00c9t\u00e9 de Probabilit\u00e9s de Saint\u2010Flour XIII\u20141983 (Lecture Notes in Mathematics Vol. 1117 pp. 1\u2013198). Springer.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BFb0099421","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0099421"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.2002.88.2.973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/13.12.12"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00493.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.1928\u201012.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00066.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022\u20102496(03)00013\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467\u20109280.00278"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36633"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11129"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030852"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0005\u201016.2016"},{"issue":"27","key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9032","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-27-09032.2003","article-title":"Quantifying generalization from trial\u2010by\u2010trial behavior of adaptive systems that learn with basis functions: Theory and experiments in human motor control","volume":"23","author":"Donchin O.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.9.3843"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.02-11-01527.1982","article-title":"On the relations between the direction of two\u2010dimensional arm movements and cell discharge in primate motor cortex","volume":"2","author":"Georgopoulos A. P.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017808"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.16\u201021\u201007085.1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"Griffiths T. L. &Ghahramani Z.(2005).Infinite latent feature models and the Indian buffet process.Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Vancouver British Columbia Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Frontiers in Human Neuroscience","author":"Haar S.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3869-14.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-84858-7","volume-title":"The elements of staistical learning: Data mining, inference and prediction","author":"Hastie T.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201004129\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00043.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09567976231221756"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00369.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204379119"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c170043"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0040316"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.20\u201023\u201008916.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00883.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.06.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14945"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00974.2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-03028-x","article-title":"Context is key for motor learning","volume":"600","author":"McDougle S. D.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010018\u201007941\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01809"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295X.85.3.207"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278\u20107393.14.4.700"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028\u20103932(71)90067\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01089.2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756\u2010199610020\u201000016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00624.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2017.02.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010019\u201053543\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00451.2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-05-03208.1994","article-title":"Adaptive representation of dynamics during learning of a motor task","volume":"14","author":"Shadmehr R.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010018\u201032606\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.210.4468.390"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3629243"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00442.2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/NECO_a_00262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00247.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.2011.06430.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00171"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3619\u201013.2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0140525x01000061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35037588"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1771\u201005.2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1010005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00242.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004172"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00122.2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010002\u20101211\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010012\u20103264\u20108"}],"container-title":["Topics in Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tops.70086","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/tops.70086","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/tops.70086","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T08:42:14Z","timestamp":1790412134000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/tops.70086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/tops.70086"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tops.70086","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1756-8757","1756-8765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1756-8757","type":"print"},{"value":"1756-8765","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-15","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-26","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70086"}}