{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:42:07Z","timestamp":1792453327945,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,22]],"date-time":"2013-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1369180800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>Survival of plants at low temperature depends on mechanisms for limiting physiological damage and maintaining growth. We mapped the <jats:italic>chs1\u20101<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>chilling sensitive1\u20101<\/jats:italic>) mutation in Arabidopsis accession Columbia to the TIR\u2010NBS gene At1g17610. In <jats:italic>chs1\u20101<\/jats:italic>, a single amino acid exchange at the CHS1\u00a0N\u2010terminus close to the conserved TIR domain creates a stable mutant protein that fails to protect leaves against chilling stress. The sequence of another TIR\u2010NBS gene (At5g40090) named <jats:italic>CHL1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>CHS1\u2010like 1<\/jats:italic>) is related to that of <jats:italic>CHS1<\/jats:italic>. Over\u2010expression of <jats:italic>CHS1<\/jats:italic> or <jats:italic>CHL1<\/jats:italic> alleviates chilling damage and enhances plant growth at moderate (24\u00b0C) and chilling (13\u00b0C) temperatures, suggesting a role for both proteins in growth homeostasis. <jats:italic>chs1\u20101<\/jats:italic> mutants show induced salicylic acid production and defense gene expression at 13\u00b0C, indicative of autoimmunity. Genetic analysis of <jats:italic>chs1\u20101<\/jats:italic> in combination with defense pathway mutants shows that <jats:italic>chs1\u20101<\/jats:italic> chilling sensitivity requires the TIR\u2010NBS\u2010LRR and basal resistance regulators encoded by <jats:italic>EDS1<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>PAD4<\/jats:italic> but not salicylic acid. By following the timing of metabolic, physiological and chloroplast ultrastructural changes in <jats:italic>chs1\u20101<\/jats:italic> leaves during chilling, we have established that alterations in photosynthetic complexes and thylakoid membrane integrity precede leaf cell death measured by ion leakage. At 24\u00b0C, the <jats:italic>chs1\u20101<\/jats:italic> mutant appears normal but produces a massive necrotic response to virulent <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic> pv. <jats:italic>tomato<\/jats:italic> infection, although this does not affect bacterial proliferation. Our results suggest that CHS1 acts at an intersection between temperature sensing and biotic stress pathway activation to maintain plant performance over a range of conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,25]],"date-time":"2013-04-25T11:52:42Z","timestamp":1366890762000},"page":"539-552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["A <scp>TIR<\/scp>\u2013<scp>NBS<\/scp> protein encoded by <scp>A<\/scp>rabidopsis <i><scp>C<\/scp>hilling <scp>S<\/scp>ensitive 1<\/i> (<i><scp>CHS<\/scp>1<\/i>) limits chloroplast damage and cell death at low temperature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"75","author":[{"given":"Anna Maria","family":"Zbierzak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Physiology and Biotechnology of Plants University of Bonn 53115 Bonn 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