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To provide knowledge regarding legume adaptation to sulfur restriction, we subjected <jats:italic>Medicago truncatula<\/jats:italic>, a model legume species, to sulfur deficiency at various developmental stages, and compared the yield, nutrient allocation and seed traits. This comparative analysis revealed that sulfur deficiency at the mid\u2010vegetative stage decreased yield and altered the allocation of nitrogen and carbon to seeds, leading to reduced levels of major oligosaccharides in mature seeds, whose germination was dramatically affected. In contrast, during the reproductive period, sulfur deficiency had little influence on yield and nutrient allocation, but the seeds germinated slowly and were characterized by low levels of a biotinylated protein, a putative indicator of germination vigor that has not been previously related to sulfur nutrition. Significantly, plants deprived of sulfur at an intermediary stage (flowering) adapted well by remobilizing nutrients from source organs to seeds, ensuring adequate quantities of carbon and nitrogen in seeds. This efficient remobilization of photosynthates may be explained by vacuolar sulfate efflux to maintain leaf metabolism throughout reproductive growth, as suggested by transcript and metabolite profiling. The seeds from these plants, deprived of sulfur at the floral transition, contained normal levels of major oligosaccharides but their germination was delayed, consistent with low levels of sucrose and the glycolytic enzymes required to restart seed metabolism during imbibition. Overall, our findings provide an integrative view of the legume response to sulfur deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.12350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,10,12]],"date-time":"2013-10-12T15:26:43Z","timestamp":1381591603000},"page":"982-996","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Legume adaptation to sulfur deficiency revealed by comparing nutrient allocation and seed traits in <i><scp>M<\/scp>edicago truncatula<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Zuber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR 1347 Agro\u00e9cologie BP 86510 F\u201321000 Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Germain","family":"Poignavent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR 1347 Agro\u00e9cologie BP 86510 F\u201321000 Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Le Signor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR 1347 Agro\u00e9cologie BP 86510 F\u201321000 Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Aim\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR 1347 Agro\u00e9cologie BP 86510 F\u201321000 Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Vieren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR 1347 Agro\u00e9cologie BP 86510 F\u201321000 Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charl\u00e8ne","family":"Tadla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR 1347 Agro\u00e9cologie BP 86510 F\u201321000 Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rapha\u00ebl","family":"Lugan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Biologie Mol\u00e9culaire des Plantes Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UPR 2357 12 rue du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Zimmer F\u201367084 Strasbourg France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Belghazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR\u00a07286 CRN2M Aix Marseille University Marseille F\u201313344 France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Labas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR INRA85 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 7247 Unit\u00e9 de Formation et de Recherche Institut Fran\u00e7ais du Cheval et de l'Equitation F\u201337380 Nouzilly France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Lise","family":"Santoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR 1347 Agro\u00e9cologie BP 86510 F\u201321000 Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Wipf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR 1347 Agro\u00e9cologie BP 86510 F\u201321000 Dijon France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Buitink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique UMR 1345 Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences SFR 4207 QUASAV F\u201349045 Angers France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Christophe","family":"Avice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique\u2010Universit\u00e9 de Caen Basse\u2010Normandie 950 \u00c9cophysiologie V\u00e9g\u00e9tale, Agronomie &amp; 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