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To determine whether genomic imprinting is triggered by unequal parental\u2010genome contribution effects, we generated a whole\u2010genome transcriptome dataset of F1 hybrid triploid embryos (as mimics of F1 hybrid triploid endosperm). For the vast majority of genes, the parental contributions to their expression levels in the F1 triploid hybrid embryos follow a biallelic and linear expression pattern. While allele\u2010specific expression (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ASE<\/jats:styled-content>) bias was detected, such effects were predominantly parent\u2010of\u2010origin independent. We demonstrate that genomic imprinting is largely absent from F1 triploid embryos, strongly suggesting that neither triploidy nor unequal parental\u2010genome contribution are key triggers of genomic imprinting in plants. However, extensive parental\u2010genome dosage effects on gene expression were observed between the reciprocal F1 hybrid embryos, particularly for genes involved in defence response and nutrient reservoir activity, potentially leading to the seed size differences between reciprocal triploids. We further determined that unequal parental\u2010genome contribution in F1 triploids can lead to overexpression effects that are parent\u2010of\u2010origin dependent, and which are not observed in diploid or tetraploid embryos in which the parental\u2010genome dosage is balanced. Overall, our study demonstrates that neither triploidy nor unequal parental\u2010genome contribution is sufficient to trigger imprinting in plant tissues, suggesting that genomic imprinting is an intrinsic and unique feature of the triploid seed endosperm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,11]],"date-time":"2017-10-11T02:36:41Z","timestamp":1507689401000},"page":"1044-1058","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Parental\u2010genome dosage effects on the transcriptome of F1 hybrid triploid embryos of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Antoine","family":"Fort","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre (PABC) Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 REW4 Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reetu","family":"Tuteja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre (PABC) Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 REW4 Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Braud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre (PABC) Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 REW4 Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter C.","family":"McKeown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre (PABC) Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 REW4 Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Spillane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Plant and AgriBiosciences Research Centre (PABC) Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway University Road Galway H91 REW4 Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.13432"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9452(00)00232-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2002-3-9-reviews1026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.106.046235"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Bauer M.J.(2006)The interploidy hybridization barrier in Zea mays L. 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