{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T13:49:37Z","timestamp":1767275377289,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]],"date-time":"2021-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611792000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 1917, sex chromosomes in plants were discovered in a liverwort with hetermorphic U and V chromosomes. Such heteromorphy is unexpected because, unlike the XY chromosomes in diploid\u2010dominant plants, in haploid\u2010dominant plants the female U and the male V chromosomes experience largely symmetrical potential recombination environments. Here we use molecular cytogenetics and super\u2010resolution microscopy to study <jats:italic>Frullania dilatata<\/jats:italic>, a liverwort with one male and two female sex chromosomes. We applied a pipeline to Illumina sequences to detect abundant types of repetitive DNA and developed FISH probes to microscopically distinguish the sex chromosomes. We also determined the phenotypic population sex ratio because biased ratios have been reported from other liverworts with heteromorphic sex chromosomes. Populations had male\u2010biased sex ratios. The sex chromosomes are monocentric, and of 14 probes studied (eight satellites, five transposable elements and one plastid region), four resulted in unique signals that differentiated the sex chromosomes from the autosomes and from each other. One FISH probe selectively marked the centromeres of both U chromosomes, so we could prove that during meiosis each U chromosome associates with one of the opposite telomeres of the V chromosome, resulting in a head\u2010to\u2010head trivalent. The similarity of the two U chromosomes to each other in size and in their centromere FISH signal positions points to their origin via a non\u2010disjunction event (aneuploidy), which would fit with the general picture of sex chromosomes rarely crossing\u2010over and being prone to suffer from non\u2010disjunction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T08:24:45Z","timestamp":1609230285000},"page":"133-141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Centromere organization and UU\/V sex chromosome behavior in a liverwort"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"106","author":[{"given":"Aretuza","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Systematic Botany and Mycology Department of Biology University of Munich (LMU) Munich 80638 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3072-0485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veit","family":"Schubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben Seeland 06466 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3704-0703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanne S.","family":"Renner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systematic Botany and Mycology Department of Biology University of Munich (LMU) Munich 80638 Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.46.1193.466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02861195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2011.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1978.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/1743282015Y.0000000018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00606-010-0357-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-008-1254-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1998119"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-007-1166-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.14602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2008.12.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00773"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.109.103580"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-5223.2002.01610.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/evo.12602"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.2009.17"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"Die Zytologie der Lebermoose mit besonderer Ber\u00fccksichtigung allgemeiner Chromosomenfragen. 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