{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T03:33:23Z","timestamp":1791776003791,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M002462\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M002462\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/L015129\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/L015129\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Upon immune activation, chloroplasts switch off photosynthesis, produce antimicrobial compounds and associate with the nucleus through tubular extensions called stromules. Although it is well established that chloroplasts alter their position in response to light, little is known about the dynamics of chloroplast movement in response to pathogen attack. Here, we report that during infection with the Irish potato famine pathogen\n                    <jats:italic>Phytophthora infestans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , chloroplasts accumulate at the pathogen interface, associating with the specialized membrane that engulfs the pathogen haustorium. The chemical inhibition of actin polymerization reduces the accumulation of chloroplasts at pathogen haustoria, suggesting that this process is partially dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. However, chloroplast accumulation at haustoria does not necessarily rely on movement of the nucleus to this interface and is not affected by light conditions. Stromules are typically induced during infection, embracing haustoria and facilitating chloroplast interactions, to form dynamic organelle clusters. We found that infection\u2010triggered stromule formation relies on BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE\u00a01\u2010ASSOCIATED KINASE\u00a01 (BAK1)\u2010mediated surface immune signaling, whereas chloroplast repositioning towards haustoria does not. Consistent with the defense\u2010related induction of stromules, effector\u2010mediated suppression of BAK1\u2010mediated immune signaling reduced stromule formation during infection. On the other hand, immune recognition of the same effector stimulated stromules, presumably via a different pathway. These findings implicate chloroplasts in a polarized response upon pathogen attack and point to more complex functions of these organelles in plant\u2013pathogen interactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,12]],"date-time":"2021-07-12T04:16:48Z","timestamp":1626063408000},"page":"1771-1787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Chloroplasts alter their morphology and accumulate at the pathogen interface during infection by\n                    <i>Phytophthora infestans<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9284-3328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary","family":"Savage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus London London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cian","family":"Duggan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus London London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexia","family":"Toufexi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus London London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pooja","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus London London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus London London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Segretin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingenier\u00eda Gen\u00e9tica y Biolog\u00eda Molecular \u2018Dr H\u00e9ctor N. Torres\u2019 (INGEBI)\u2013Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET) Vuelta de Obligado 2490 Ciudad Aut\u00f3noma de Buenos Aires C1428ADN Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lok Him","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus London London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David C. A.","family":"Gaboriau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facility for Imaging by Light Microscopy Faculty of Medicine National Heart &amp; Lung Institute (NHLI) Imperial College London South Kensington, SAF building London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre Y.","family":"Leary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus London London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasin","family":"Tumtas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus London London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virendrasinh","family":"Khandare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Imperial College Road, South Kensington Campus London London SW7 2AZ UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council Harwell Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Didcot OX11 0QX UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley W.","family":"Botchway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council Harwell Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Didcot OX11 0QX UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benji C.","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Laser Facility, Science and Technology Facilities Council Harwell Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Harwell Didcot OX11 0QX 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