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Here, by comparing the time\u2010dependent transcriptional changes and co\u2010expression analysis of cotton (<jats:italic>Gossypium hirsutum<\/jats:italic>) root tissues under abiotic and biotic stress conditions, we discovered the common stress\u2010responsive genes and stress metabolism pathways under different stresses, which included the circadian rhythm, thiamine and galactose metabolism, carotenoid, phenylpropanoid, flavonoid, and zeatin biosynthesis, and the mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase signaling pathway. We found that thiamine metabolism was an important intersection between abiotic and biotic stresses; the key thiamine synthesis genes, <jats:italic>GhTHIC<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>GhTHI1<\/jats:italic>, were highly induced at the early stage of stresses. We confirmed that thiamine was crucial and necessary for cotton growth and development, and its deficiency could be recovered by exogenous thiamine supplement. Furthermore, we revealed that exogenous thiamine enhanced stress tolerance in cotton via increasing calcium signal transduction and activating downstream stress\u2010responsive genes. Overall, our studies demonstrated that thiamine played a crucial role in the tradeoff between plant health and stress resistance. The thiamine deficiency caused by stresses could transiently induce upregulation of thiamine biosynthetic genes <jats:italic>in\u2009vivo<\/jats:italic>, while it could be totally salvaged by exogenous thiamine application, which could significantly improve cotton broad\u2010spectrum stress tolerance and enhance plant growth and development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,4]],"date-time":"2022-05-04T08:01:16Z","timestamp":1651651276000},"page":"374-390","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Thiamine functions as a key activator for modulating plant health and broad\u2010spectrum tolerance in cotton"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Weixi","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cotton Germplasm Enhancement and Application Engineering 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