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Evolutionarily conserved growth\u2010regulating factors (GRFs) control the growth of different tissues and organs of plants. Here, we provide a systematic overview of the expression patterns of <jats:italic>GRF<\/jats:italic> genes and the structural features of GRF proteins in different plant species. Moreover, we illustrate the conserved and divergent roles of GRFs, <jats:italic>microRNA396<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>miR396<\/jats:italic>), and GRF\u2010interacting factors (GIFs) in leaf, root, and flower development. We also describe the molecular networks involving the <jats:italic>miR396<\/jats:italic>\u2013GRF\u2013GIF module, and illustrate how this module coordinates with different signaling molecules and transcriptional regulators to control development of different plant species. GRFs promote leaf growth, accelerate grain filling, and increase grain size and weight. We also provide some molecular insight into how coordination between GRFs and other signaling modules enhances crop productivity; for instance, how the GRF\u2013DELLA interaction confers yield\u2010enhancing dwarfism while increasing grain yield. Finally, we discuss how the GRF\u2010GIF chimera substantially improves plant transformation efficiency by accelerating shoot formation. Overall, we systematically review the conserved and divergent roles of GRFs and the <jats:italic>miR396<\/jats:italic>\u2013GRF\u2013GIF module in growth regulation, and also provide insights into how GRFs can be utilized to improve the productivity and nutrient content of crop plants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T06:59:41Z","timestamp":1672383581000},"page":"1122-1145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Growth\u2010regulating factors: conserved and divergent roles in plant growth and development and potential value for crop improvement"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"113","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3303-5851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of the Ministry of Education 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