{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T10:20:53Z","timestamp":1783938053114,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001869","name":"Academia Sinica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AS\u2010110\u2010ITAR\u2010L05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AS\u2010110\u2010ITAR\u2010L05"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001869","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Plants and bacteria have distinct pathways to synthesize the bioactive vitamin B1 thiamin diphosphate (TDP). In plants, thiamin monophosphate (TMP) synthesized in the TDP biosynthetic pathway is first converted to thiamin by a phosphatase, which is then pyrophosphorylated to TDP. In contrast, bacteria use a TMP kinase encoded by <jats:italic>ThiL<\/jats:italic> to phosphorylate TMP to TDP directly. The Arabidopsis <jats:italic>THIAMIN REQUIRING2<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>TH2<\/jats:italic>)\u2010encoded phosphatase is involved in TDP biosynthesis. The chlorotic <jats:italic>th2<\/jats:italic> mutants have high TMP and low thiamin and TDP. Ectopic expression of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli ThiL<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ThiL\u2010GFP<\/jats:italic> rescued the <jats:italic>th2\u20103<\/jats:italic> mutant, suggesting that the bacterial TMP kinase could directly convert TMP into TDP in Arabidopsis. These results provide direct evidence that the chlorotic phenotype of <jats:italic>th2\u20103<\/jats:italic> is caused by TDP rather than thiamin deficiency. Transgenic Arabidopsis harboring engineered ThiL\u2010GFP targeting to the cytosol, chloroplast, mitochondrion, or nucleus accumulated higher TDP than the wild type (WT). Ectopic expression of <jats:italic>E. coli ThiL<\/jats:italic> driven by the <jats:italic>UBIQUITIN<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>UBI<\/jats:italic>) promoter or an endosperm\u2010specific <jats:italic>GLUTELIN1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>GT1<\/jats:italic>) promoter also enhanced TDP biosynthesis in rice. The <jats:italic>pUBI:ThiL<\/jats:italic> transgenic rice accumulated more TDP and total vitamin B1 in the leaves, and the <jats:italic>pGT1:ThiL<\/jats:italic> transgenic lines had higher TDP and total vitamin B1 in the seeds than the WT. Total vitamin B1 only increased by approximately 25\u201330% in the polished and unpolished seeds of the <jats:italic>pGT1:ThiL<\/jats:italic> transgenic rice compared to the WT. Nevertheless, these results suggest that genetic engineering of a bacterial vitamin B1 biosynthetic gene downstream of TMP can enhance vitamin B1 production in rice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,25]],"date-time":"2023-11-25T00:48:34Z","timestamp":1700873314000},"page":"1330-1343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ectopic expression of a bacterial thiamin monophosphate kinase enhances vitamin <scp>B1<\/scp> biosynthesis in plants"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Yi\u2010Hsin","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology Academia Sinica  Taipei 11529 Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting\u2010Chieh","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology Academia Sinica  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