{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T08:51:31Z","timestamp":1788684691482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Plant Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>SUMMARY<\/jats:title><jats:p>Pungent capsaicinoid is synthesized only in chili pepper (<jats:italic>Capsicum<\/jats:italic> spp.). The production of vanillylamine from vanillin is a unique reaction in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis pathway. Although <jats:italic>putative aminotransferase<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>pAMT<\/jats:italic>) has been isolated as the vanillylamine synthase gene, it is unclear how <jats:italic>Capsicum<\/jats:italic> acquired <jats:italic>pAMT<\/jats:italic>. Here, we present a phylogenetic overview of <jats:italic>pAMT<\/jats:italic> and its homologs. The <jats:italic>Capsicum<\/jats:italic> genome contained 5 homologs, including <jats:italic>pAMT<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CaGABA\u2010T1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>CaGABA\u2010T3<\/jats:italic>, and two pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that <jats:italic>pAMT<\/jats:italic> is a member of the Solanaceae cytoplasmic <jats:italic>GABA\u2010Ts<\/jats:italic>. Comparative genome analysis found that multiple copies of <jats:italic>GABA\u2010T<\/jats:italic> exist in a specific Solanaceae genomic region, and the cytoplasmic <jats:italic>GABA\u2010Ts<\/jats:italic> other than <jats:italic>pAMT<\/jats:italic> are located in the region. The cytoplasmic <jats:italic>GABA\u2010T<\/jats:italic> was phylogenetically close to pseudo\u2010<jats:italic>GABA\u2010T<\/jats:italic> harboring a plastid transit peptide (<jats:italic>pseudo\u2010GABA\u2010T3<\/jats:italic>). This suggested that Solanaceae cytoplasmic <jats:italic>GABA\u2010T<\/jats:italic>s occurred via duplication of a chloroplastic <jats:italic>GABA\u2010T<\/jats:italic> ancestor and subsequent loss of the plastid transit signal. The cytoplasmic <jats:italic>GABA\u2010T<\/jats:italic> may have been translocated from the specific Solanaceae genomic region during <jats:italic>Capsicum<\/jats:italic> divergence, resulting in the current <jats:italic>pAMT<\/jats:italic> locus. A recombinant protein assay demonstrated that pAMT had higher vanillylamine synthase activity than those of other plant GABA\u2010Ts. <jats:italic>pAMT<\/jats:italic> was expressed exclusively in the placental septum of mature green fruit, whereas tomato orthologs SlGABA\u2010T2\/4 exhibit a ubiquitous expression pattern in plants. These findings suggested that both the increased catalytic efficiency and transcriptional changes in <jats:italic>pAMT<\/jats:italic> may have contributed to establish vanillylamine synthesis in the capsaicinoid biosynthesis pathway. This study provides insights into the establishment of pungency in the evolution of chili peppers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.16573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,20]],"date-time":"2023-12-20T16:23:16Z","timestamp":1703089396000},"page":"1453-1465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["An evolutionary view of vanillylamine synthase <scp><i>pAMT<\/i><\/scp>, a key enzyme of capsaicinoid biosynthesis pathway in chili pepper"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Hirokazu","family":"Kusaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Agriculture Kyoto University  Sakyo\u2010ku Kyoto 606\u20108502 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saika","family":"Nakasato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Josai University  Saitama 350\u20100295 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