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Internode length (IL), a crucial component of plant height in maize, plays a significant role in these processes. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying internode elongation remain poorly understood. In this study, we conducted a genome\u2010wide association study to dissect the genetic architecture of IL in maize. The lengths of five internodes above and below the ear (referred as IL\u2010related traits) were collected across multiple environments, revealing substantial variation. A total of 108 quantitative trait loci (QTL) were associated with 11 IL\u2010related traits, with 17 QTL co\u2010detected by different traits. Notably, three QTL have been selected in maize breeding progress. Three hundred and three genes associated with IL were found to operate through plant hormone signal transduction, receptor activity, and carbon metabolism pathways, influencing internode elongation. <jats:italic>ZmIL1<\/jats:italic>, which encodes alcohol dehydrogenase, exhibited a high expression level in internodes during the vegetative stage and has been selected in Chinese modern maize breeding. Additionally, <jats:italic>ZmIL2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ZmIL3<\/jats:italic> emerged as other crucial regulators of IL. Importantly, <jats:italic>ZmIL1<\/jats:italic> has potential applications in maize varieties in the Huang\u2010Huai\u2010Hai region. This study represents the first comprehensive report on the genetic architecture of nearly all ILs in maize, providing profound insights into internode elongation mechanisms and genetic resources. These findings hold significant implications for dwarf breeding programs aimed at optimizing plant architecture for enhancing agronomic performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.17245","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T06:25:57Z","timestamp":1739341557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Genetic dissection of internode length confers improvement for ideal plant architecture in maize"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"121","author":[{"given":"Haiyang","family":"Duan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy Henan Agricultural University  Zhengzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy Henan 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