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To mitigate the yield loss caused by heat stress, it is essential to understand the mechanisms underlying its effects on young ear development. In this study, we investigate the impact of heat stress on heat\u2010sensitive and heat\u2010tolerant maize varieties under field conditions. A combination of phenotypic, physiological, anatomical, and multi\u2010omics techniques was used to assess the properties of young ears, from the phenotypic to molecular level, in response to heat stress during growth. The results show that heat stress primarily disrupts endoplasmic reticulum function in maize. Specifically, heat stress disrupts mitochondrial structure, and abnormalities in the electron transport chain lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, resulting in oxidative stress, protein unfolding, and cellular structure disruption. Consequently, the fertilization rate of florets and the number of grains per ear decrease by 16%\u201342% and 33%\u201354%, respectively, resulting in a 29%\u201360% overall yield loss. ZD\u2010tol (heat\u2010tolerant variety) demonstrated thermotolerance by more rapidly activating various pathways, such as protein catabolism, energy metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism, raising the threshold for stimuli detection and accelerating cellular ROS detoxification. Compared to ZD\u2010tol, XY\u2010sens (heat\u2010sensitive variety) exhibits weaker cellular detoxification ability, thereby demonstrating heightened sensitivity to heat stress. However, the application of ROS inhibitors significantly reduces\u00a0ROS levels in florets, alleviate\u00a0endoplasmic reticulum stress, and decreased yield loss by 17%\u201331%, with XY\u2010sens showing better mitigation effects compared to ZD\u2010tol.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.70243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,5]],"date-time":"2025-06-05T15:38:52Z","timestamp":1749137932000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Inhibiting reactive oxygen species production mitigates endoplasmic reticulum damage in florets of developing maize ears under heat stress"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"122","author":[{"given":"Huiqin","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an 271018 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