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However, their role in kiwifruit and other perennial fruit trees remains poorly characterized. Here, we demonstrate that Ac\u2010miR156a functions as a negative regulator of kiwifruit resistance to\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas syringae<\/jats:italic>\n                    pv.\n                    <jats:italic>actinidiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Psa). In the resistant cultivar \u201cJinkui,\u201d Ac\u2010miR156a expression was significantly suppressed upon Psa infection, whereas it was markedly induced in the susceptible cultivar \u201cHongyang.\u201d Overexpression of miR156a increased kiwifruit susceptibility to Psa, while silencing miR156a via short\u2010tandem target mimic (STTM) constructs enhanced resistance. We identified 14\n                    <jats:italic>SQUAMOSA\u2010PROMOTER\u2010BINDING PROTEIN\u2010LIKE<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>SPL<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) transcription factors as direct targets of Ac\u2010miR156a, among which\n                    <jats:italic>AcSPL6c<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>AcSPL14c<\/jats:italic>\n                    were rapidly upregulated in the resistant cultivar and shown to positively regulate immunity against Psa. Furthermore, we revealed that the Ac\u2010miR156a\u2010SPL module regulates kiwifruit immunity by reprogramming the hormonal levels between salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling pathways, favoring SA\u2010dominated defense against the biotrophic pathogen Psa. Collectively, our study elucidates a complete Ac\u2010miR156a\u2010AcSPL6c\/14c regulatory pathway that fine\u2010tunes kiwifruit immune outcomes through hormonal redistribution, providing both mechanistic insights and potential genetic targets for improving disease resistance in kiwifruit breeding programs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.70775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T22:36:34Z","timestamp":1773009394000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The\n                    <scp>MicroRNA156a<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>SPL<\/scp>\n                    module regulates kiwifruit resistance to\n                    <i>Pseudomonas syringae<\/i>\n                    pv.\n                    <i>actinidiae<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Shunyuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture Anhui Agricultural University  Hefei 230036 China"},{"name":"One Belt and One Road International Joint Research Center of Horticultural Products Quality and Post\u2010Harvest Biotechnology in Anhui Province, School of Horticulture Anhui Agricultural University  Hefei 230036 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenli","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture Anhui Agricultural University  Hefei 230036 China"},{"name":"One Belt and One Road International Joint Research Center of Horticultural Products Quality and Post\u2010Harvest Biotechnology in Anhui Province, School of Horticulture Anhui Agricultural University  Hefei 230036 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture Anhui Agricultural University  Hefei 230036 China"},{"name":"One Belt and One Road International Joint Research Center of Horticultural Products Quality and Post\u2010Harvest Biotechnology in Anhui Province, School of Horticulture Anhui Agricultural University  Hefei 230036 China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peipei","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Quality Biology, School of Horticulture Anhui Agricultural University  Hefei 230036 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