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In this study, we employed forward genetic screening to identify\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutants with defective hypocotyl gravitropism and isolated the\n                    <jats:italic>short and agravitropic hypocotyl in dark1<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>sad1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) mutant, which carries a point mutation (G110E) in the\n                    <jats:italic>SAC1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene encoding a phosphoinositide phosphatase. Deficiency of\n                    <jats:italic>SAC1<\/jats:italic>\n                    disrupted gravity\u2010induced polar localization of PIN3 in endodermal cells, impairing auxin redistribution and leading to hypocotyl gravitropism defects. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>SAC1<\/jats:italic>\n                    is partially localized to the PVC\/tonoplast and participates in late endosomal trafficking. The\n                    <jats:italic>sac1<\/jats:italic>\n                    mutation leads to abnormal vacuolar morphology, which is associated with defects in amyloplast sedimentation during the gravitropic response in\n                    <jats:italic>Arabidopsis<\/jats:italic>\n                    shoots. We further revealed that SAC1 interacts with GRV2, a key regulator of the late endocytic pathway, and that both proteins cooperatively regulate shoot gravitropism. In summary, this study identified\n                    <jats:italic>SAC1<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a regulator of shoot gravitropism, revealing its important role in modulating vacuolar homeostasis, amyloplast sedimentation, PIN3 trafficking, and auxin distribution. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms linking membrane transport to environmental adaptation in plants.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.71042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T04:19:51Z","timestamp":1783916391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regulation of shoot gravitropism and branching angle by the\n                    <scp>GRV2<\/scp>\n                    \u2010\n                    <scp>SAC1<\/scp>\n                    axis in\n                    <i>Arabidopsis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"127","author":[{"given":"Lianghanxiao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory for Cellular Dynamics, Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Molecular &amp; Cell Biophysics, Hefei National Science Center for Physical 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